Service Marketing Management in Ebay Case Study

Service Marketing Management in Ebay - Case Study ExampleThis research leave behind begin with the statement that eBay (www.ebay.com) is managed by EBay Inc., an Internet come with based in America. Ebay.com offers an Internet-based service that allows for online auctions, selling and acquire of new and second hand products. While the company originally began functioning in US, today it has localize branches in Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Singapore, United Kingdom, Poland, Philippines and Taiwan to name a few. Besides Ebay.com, EBay Inc also owns the sites of PayPal and Skype among its other businesses. Since the site was found in the year 1995, it has become the largest place in the world to buy and sell a localise of products to a range of people. In April 2006, eBay also opened its new eBay Express site. This site works same a standard Internet shopping site for consumers from United States. A UK version and then a German version were launched la ter in the year and offers brand new items sold by pre-vetted sellers. The company works with the mission to provide a global trading platform where practically anyone heap switch anything. The company has a unique offering of an auction-based sales service where retailers or private seller can present their item to purchasers. Demand and supply The level of demand and supply on eBay is high as there are many people seeking to sell what they do not need for a good deal. Approximately the site has 212 million registered buyers and sellers as of date. A wide range of things like ancient items, new products, collectibles and used goods can be found for sale on the site. The site is well cognize as a good place for comparison shopping as many similar products are listed side by side. Auction-style listings, fixed expense formats and Dutch auctions are a few kinds of auctions the site provides for. nonetheless there are cases where the required products are not available. Not much can be make in cases where demand exceeds capacity and customers just have to live with the fact that sellers are not selling the required product. Services marketing integration and management Customers usually search for products on parameters like price and product features. eBay allows customers to sort similar items based on pricing, making the task of purchasing a comparatively easy one. Phone help is offered to select members only (those who sell a minimum of $3000 worth goods per calendar month through the site). Live chat with customer service representatives is however available. Areas where eBay dissatisfies customers include wrong shipping labels and light customer support as all queries are not addressed with the same interest. The blame conclusion is high at eBay, and though the site issues regular warnings, blogs and advice, many blame the site for wrong transactions. sensation criticism regards its privacy policy whereby eBay turns its user information to law e nforcement agencies often without a subpoena. While no solid proof has been generated for this case, it is a popular rumour, popular enough to be believed by its wide customer base as true. Finally no panel of experts or support system is available to set whether a particular product is worth the money or not.

Prevention of infection in IVC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prevention of infection in IVC - Essay ExampleThese intravascular catheters usually terminate at or near the heart, or in one of the great vessels including vena cava among others (Cdc.gov, 2010). This paper looks into prevention of infection in Inferior Vena Cava (IVC). Before inserting catheters, the inserter and their assistant(s) should observe strict proper hand hygiene by race hands either with alcohol-based hand rub or with conventional antiseptic-containing soap. They should also take maximal bulwark precautions use mask, head cover, sterile gloves and sterile gown. They should also set up the patient with the full body drape and maintain a sterile environment during the insertion. The inserter should perform a back-and-forth friction scrub on the locate skin using chlorhexidine skin preparation, and then ensure that the solution dries utterly before attempting central frontier insertion. The drying time varies with the site of insertion. If possible, use antimicrobial- impregnated catheters. After initial insertion, they should apply occlusive sterile dressing per policy. Unless in emergencies, they should not perform any fluids/medications administration through the line prior to verifying the catheter tip placement. more or less importantly, one should never connect previously used administration sets and fluids to central venous access lines (WHO, 2005).

SURVEY BASED ON AN ETHNOGRAPHY DESIGN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SURVEY BASED ON AN ETHNOGRAPHY traffic pattern - Essay ExampleIf we can identify such conditions, it is possible to take steps to both, manage an in force(p) cure, and prevent further incidents of these illnesses. For this reason, we are attempting to identify what possible areas of child nutrition need to be addressed. In an attempt to understand the possible sources of malnutrition in young children, we request each(prenominal) parents who have minors at home to participate in this study. All you are required to do is to fill out the devoted questionnaire to your best knowledge. Your names are not required, as this assures the confidentiality of individual findings. If the study finds any cause for concern, your local anesthetic health services will be intimated so that quick preventive measures can be taken. We give thanks you for your time and participation. Part I B Questionnaire 1. Case no.______________ 2. Age of child_____________ 3. Weight of child _____________ 4. viz or of the child _______________ 5. Is the weight within the limits of the childs age norm? a. Yes b. No If no, then is the child Underweight weighed down 6. Is the child suffering from any respiratory trouble at the moment? a. Yes b. No If yes, occupy delimit the complaint _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ... Does the child eat adequately each day? a. Yes b. No If No, please explain. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Please indentify which of the undermentioned foods you child eats adequately on a daily basis. a. Fruit and Vegetables i. Not at all ii. 1-2 military service iii. 3-4 servings b. Rice / Grains i. Not at all ii. 1-2 serving iii. 3-4 servings c. Meats / Pulses and Lentils i. Not at all ii. 1-2 serving iii. 3-4 servi ngs d. Dairy products i. Not at all ii. 1-2 serving iii. 3-4 servings e. Breads i. Non processed _______ servings ii. Processed ________ servings 10. Please describe a typical meal eaten at your home (what items are cooked and in what manner?) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Are there particular items that the child refuses to eat / is not allowed to eat? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Does the child have any food allergies? a. Yes b. No If Yes, please mention

Multiphoton Excitation for organic complex Essay

Multiphoton Excitation for thoroughgoing complex - Essay Examplewo photon concentration active but, it is not guaranteed that they will exhibit interesting and utile three photon absorption properties such as frequency up-converted lasing 10. Based on this reason, our University Department of Chemistry prof Ricky Wong Man Shing and his student Dr.Xin Jiang Feng have developed and synthesized a new set of organic complexes p-PhN-OF(n)-TAZ n = 2 to 6 from deep investigation and collection of fundamental information and applications such as multi-photon properties and multi-photon cavityless lasing etc. The close important aspect is that it can let us explore and understand the more Physics layabout the discovery. In this chapter, am going to analyse the use of p-PhN-OF(n)-TAZ series for a set of nonlinear optical experiments to verify the multi-photon properties. The p-PhN-OF(n)-TAZ series are type of D--A using oligofluorenes (OF) as a conjugated core discontinue capped in whi ch D is the end capped with the electron donating diphenylamino group and the unconventionally employed electron-deficient 1,2,4-triazole (TAZ) derivates as an acceptor designed and synthesized for multiphoton absorption investigation 10. The electron was pushed from Donor (D) to pull side of Acceptor (A) in the - conjugation dodge which is called intramolecular charge transfer. In addition, the size of length of conjugation is related to enhance the cross segment value of 2-photon absorption and three-photon absorption 11. Unless, the value of cross section is reach to saturation level.Under chassis 4.1, the linear absorption spectra of the organic materials p-PhN-OF(n)-TAZ series (n = 2 6) was dissolved in Toluene solution, the series exhibits the two absorption peaks characteristics. The weak absorption peak appears around 300-310 nm attributed to the n* transition of triarylamine moieties and the broad absorption band spanning from 378-415 nm corresponds to the * transitio n of fluorene-based -conjugated core. The

Buddhist Ideas and Practices in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Buddhistic Ideas and Practices in China - Essay ExampleOne of the ways in which Buddhism entered into China was through a translation, which involved selection of terms for explaining the Buddhist conceptions in Chinese thus, they applied Taoist expressions to translate. Chinese bulk commenced to relate Buddhism with the existence of Taoist tradition, and they later understood the teachings of Buddha. Buddhist text continues despite, a period of political disunity after the fall of Han Dynasty during the third century, which was associated with unrest caused by war. There was increased popularity in this period, whereby the Chinese monks became sharp concerned in the establishment of monasteries and teaching Buddhist know takege. There were rules established with a devotion to the Buddhist, which led to the construction of such temples and participation in Buddhist ceremonies public talks, thereby expanding the rulers on the earlier catalogs on Buddhist texts.Entry of Buddhism was facilitated by a Chinese monk referred to as Dao-an, in the fourth century, though he shifted from one place to another due to the political instability, he wrote and lectured about Buddhist teachings. He too gathered copies of translated scriptures, prepared a catalog, and invited translators such as Kumarajiva, from Kucha.Kumarajiva applied Dao-ans disciples in the translation of numerous texts and revise the Chinese translations.His translations became popular thus contributing to the spread of Buddhism in China, and some of these translations have been used fifty-fifty in the present days.

Cineplex Entertainment - The Loyalty Program Case Study

Cineplex Entertainment - The Loyalty weapons platform - Case Study ExampleThe essay aims to outline the recommendations of Sarah Lewthwaite, the food market director for the Cineplex Entertainment, to the committee of senior executives. The introduction contains persuasive arguments regarding consignment class development campaign, considering the motion-picture show industry, which is having inconsistent revenues each year. Cineplex entertainment was founded in 1979 as a small chain of movie theaters. In 2005 Cineplex acquired its largest supplier and become the Canadas largest film exhibiter. The market share of Cineplex after that acquisition jumped up to 40 million visits of customer per day. Cineplex alike started giving encourage added services to its customer like food at branded giving up counters, arcade games, etc. In the same year they also expanded their strategies and entered into new markets which generated customer traffic and boosted their revenue per day. Al though the revenue comprehended a lot in the year 2005 compared to the previous years entirely comprise of operation got mellow as well which shrined the net income of the company. Cineplex Entertainment had issued Elite cards to the customer which tossed them rewards like free movie viewing after they accumulate a certain number of points. Cineplex had no CRM capabilities which could help them in private road customer traffic. According to the survey in 2005, 95% respondents wanted to have movie reward offer back. Considering that option for further investment Sarah Lewthwaite gave option of starting a loyalty program to the committee. Cineplex needed a loyalty partner because creating their own data system it would have cost them about $5.5 million in the first year. So they looked went on to look for a partner. Flight Miles, having 72 percent of Canadian mobile members, had the top loyalty program in Canada. Flight Miles can give Cineplex an opportunity to get main course to their data bank of seven million customers which would certainly help them in targeting their market. Flight Miles program would cost yearly about $5 million and $0.09 on every point issued to the customer. Flight Miles executives offered Cineplex $250,000 to make the sess more attractive. Scotiabank approached to Cineplex as a potential partner for the loyalty program. It is amongst the top five bank of Canada having 6.8 million customers and 950 branches in Canada. The Scotiabank proposed a 50-50 cost sharing and expected naming rights on trinity theatres. They offered a three card reward strategy as well. The estimated cost portion of Cineplex was about $3 million in the first year and $1.7 million and $1.9 million in the later years. Sarah Lewthwaite has now three options to look for loyalty program and had to work on them to finally get the best option. She will have to see the benefits as well as the constraints of the three options. She also restructured the reward progr am. Sarah performed a sensitivity analysis in the concession revenue per guest which might increase by 5 to 15 per cent and also legal opinion of having a nominal one time or annual membership fee of $2 to $5. Sarah Lewthwaite also knew the fact that only 40 per cent of the points earned by the customer in the loyalty program would be redeemed annually. Lewthwaite then drafted reward structure that contained a preliminary list of four options but she was not sure that which option will click in the customer mind. Loyalty program demand a data base vendor who could manage the

The Importance of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise in the UK Case Study

The Importance of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise in the UK - Case Study ExampleAs such, trenchant planning, control, organization, and coordination within a typical travel agency must be evident fro the cogency and effectiveness of the services offered.The past studies and researchers on air management and entrepreneurship has extensively criticized the pure approach to ballock strategical planning. Mintzberg (1978) argued that contemporary prescription and normative techniques to business analysis and planning seem unable to manage the complex reality of strategy formation. This was supported by Peters and Waterman (1982) when they concluded that formal strategic planning leads to paralysis induced by analysis. Hills (1994) similarly found out that formal strategic planning was useful in the evaluation of opportunities, setting priorities, and implementation exclusively not at the inventive stage of identifying opportunities.In this regard, it appears that a good business s trategy makes it a point to integrate and submit the goals, policies and actions of the organization into a tactical coherence in order to ensure and guarantee the success in the industry. The integration of the conservative and traditional management practices was observed in the ever-increasing complexity of the business environment. The technological advancements that characterizes the information era at present paved the way to the efficient conceptualization of more creative and effective business frameworks which when utilized by business companies provide open more possibilities and better position in the competitive atmosphere in the industry. Hence, identifying the use of the control and the creative aspects in in operation(p) a business should be distinguished by a well-rounded entrepreneur. These go out serve as the key to achieving the frugal goals set by the by the entrepreneur for the overall success of the business since pure approach to operating a business vent ure will not exhaust the full potential of a limited business establishment. This paper aims to define what a best entrepreneur is, the qualities and characteristics of a good entrepreneur will be presented. The study chose two best entrepreneurs from United Kingdom, and they are Anita Riddick, the founder of The Body Shop and Joe Ashburner of Noonoo Designs.EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship is blue-chip to the enterprise and also necessitates creativity as this aspect involves a constant search for new ship canal to compete in the market place. As all firms are always on the constant mutation mode, creative ideas must always be within reach. Indeed, the enterprise needs individuals who can couple a firms capableness and adapt to the rapid changes of the marketplace. This is not a role shouldered by the management alone, but must be shared with the participants as well, especially those working closely closest to the customers. Value-added entrepreneurial capability includes the ability and willingness to remain alert to the opportunities to the firm and to participate in the development of a solution.So as to make the most of each individuals contribution and productivity, it is probably more effective if each will be given an area of expertise. In this way, an individual can develop a capability in that arena, which will not only apply to individuals but also to their organizations. Network leadership must also hire coalition attitudes so as to rekindle a sense of community. For an organization, this is a sense of belonging crimson if it is for a short period of time.

Smoking Tobacco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

roll of baccy Tobacco - Essay ExampleFurther more(prenominal), the research paper intends to discuss on the adverse effects of tobacco smoking to the body and the various measures that would serve up on how to discourage smoking information drive on the diseases that stern be acquired from smoking tobacco, the government intervention to lower down the number of cases of teenage smoking, and policies that would help reduce the consumption of tobacco products among others.Teenage smoking in the UAE is constantly alarming the government with more teens engaging into tobacco smoking. A recent report divulges that one out of five teenage boys in UAE smokes (Bell n.p.). Basically, this number is high posing 20% rate on the teenage smoking case in the country. The researcher contemplates on the potential reasons that contribute to the easy access that allows teenage boys to smoke. If the level of accessibility can be lowered down to an extent that their consumption of tobacco products c an be controlled, then the song would obviously go down. In a recent article written by Jennifer Bell for The National, she wrote that experts attend the cheap price of tobacco products and inadequate education about the wellness risks associated with tobacco smoking as main causes for the increasing number of teenagers engaging into tobacco smoking.This paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing discussion of this yield by posing questions that are significantly relevant to the causes of teenage smoking can changes in policies concerning the dispersal of tobacco products help in reducing the number of teenagers engaging in tobacco smoking? How do we ensure that teenage kids are well-educated about the adverse effects of tobacco smoking to their health?The target audiences of this research are the government and the teenage smokers. First, the government because they have to initiate ways on how to lower down cases of teenage smoking second, teenagers

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

International Business - Essay Exampleal flaws of the grand exemplars during the world war one and policy responses by various economies that led to unpredictable international financial contraction and deflation. In essence, the tying of countries money to gold is noted as directly responsible for the onset of the great depression, for example, Hubbard (1991) notes that countries which abandoned the gold standards earlier enough recovered from the great depression comparative to those that remained on gold.Hubbard, (1991) attributes the collapse of the gold standard to its mismanagement by global financial stakeholders during the interwar period most specifically, the twenties and the 1930s. They establish that after the World War I, the redrawing of international boundaries limited free circulation of both real bills and consumer goods track to the distortion of the gold standards. This led to the scuttling of the bill market and the ultimate government control of foreign pat ronage in consumer goods favored due to political rather than economic interests thereby leading to a broad scale collapse of the gold standards. According to Hubbard, (1991), the gold standard also collapsed as a will of sabotage by countries during the interwar period rather than the general belief that it collapsed due to its inner contradictions. Additionally, banking panics in the 1939s initiated by deflation which was imposed by the gold standard interfered with the normal flows of credit thereby negatively affecting the implementation of the real economy.Researches indicate that there have been repeated calls for policy considerations for a return to the gold standard due to the growing disillusionment with the presently favored politically controlled monetary policy. The case presented by proponents is that calculate deficits and massive federal borrowings would be difficult to finance under the gold standard. They note that at present, the report money system poses a n umber of problems hence various treasuries and

Macro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macro economics - Essay ExampleUnderemployment and unemployment has had very damaging personal effects to the sociable and economic fabric of Europ. Underemployment is an immense social evil and a colossal economic waste. Unederemployment leads to an wide degree of personal hardship and misery. It also destroys familial relationships, breeds racism and sexism and paves the way to social disintegration. Undermployment is the primordial cipher for the alarming growth of inequality and poverty.The aggregate expenditure of the United States in the 1980s were focused on pension provision, breeding public works, defense pass and healthcare. Education expenditure in most certain countries constitutes 6% of GDP. Private expenditure in education adds two/thirds of a percentage point. United States underground spending in education equals 1.6% of GDP. Higher levels of education expenditure reflect the importance attached to education at the policy level and also at the individual levels. Education is helperful for economic and social progress. Between 1970 and 1988 real spending in education had increased by 50% in the US.numerous public works projects show a favorable benefit-cost ratio. Lifestyle improvements in transportation and communications help citizens enjoy a better lifestyle. Defense expenditures help protect democracy in America and almost the world. A portion of the aggregate expenditure also goes to the payment of interest on the national debt. As a result, consumption outlays usually dominate the Federal budget and state budgets. (Joyce and Mullins, 1991)B. DISTRIBUTION OF US marrow EXPENDITURES The table indicates that, as a component of total state spending, state education and health/infirmary spending gather in experienced a slight relative increase over time, while alley spending has declined dramatically, and public welfare spending has experienced a large relative increase. For local anesthetic governments, the shifts have been toward hea lth and hospital spending and away from education, highway and public welfare spending.The states share of total spending has increased slightly overall. State spending on education and public welfare has increased importantly over the 23 year period since the 1970s. The expenditures for capital outlays, health and hospital spending, and highway spending has diminished.In addition, the state share of revenue and taxes should decline, as should the state share of expenditures. There are shifts for states with in cardinal areas 1) state taxes as a percent of total state general 2) state aid to local government as a percent of local general revenu

Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Homeland Security - Essay Exampleis a department created in the fall in States to help prevent terrorist attacks within the country, this responsibility is similar to essential departments role in dealing with terrorism, and thus it is correct to say the two somehow fit together.National Response example (NRF) is one of the sundry(a) parts of the established National Strategy for Homeland Security (Bullock et al, 2013). NRFs principal(prenominal) work is to formulate and present the principles that would help guide the various factions involved in domestic retort to terrorist attack or calamities, either man-made or natural. NRF is very essential to the National Incident focusing System whose sole task is to develop principles and concepts that assist in the easy management of emergencies (Walsh, 2012). The principles govern the various agencies such as soupcon management and homeland established to deal with emergencies. One of the main exercise of these agencies is to help secure the country in the quickest time possible following an emergency. The understanding of the emergency department helps people assume the responsibility of helping fellow citizens in emergency cases. Knowledge of how emergency department works make people cooperate with the government in different

Language ,culture and knowledge Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Language ,culture and knowledge - Coursework Exampleould thoroughly explore the importance of quarrel in our society if we want to gain an accurate understanding or appreciation of the social change mechanisms which we name working all around us. Basically, language is an indispensable element of tender communication and is a indispensable component of all forms of society and culture. It is an open and multifaceted structure that enables change, adaptation, and progress (Agha, 2007). It can be instituteed or passed on in a number of waysverbally and non-verbally. Language is important to culture and society, with human beings making use of it not only to communicate or express themselves, but also to mention to a specific cultural or social group (Agha, 2007).Language is a medium of tone and enables an individual to take part in community or societal affairs. It may be utilise as an instrument to build and sustain a democratic society. It is also vital as shared out human a chievements and continuing expressions of human innovation and creativity. This is supported by the rationale of UNESCO for language conservation that the worlds languages embody a remarkable fortune and array of human ingenuity (Agha, 2007). They comprise and convey the overall traditions and wisdom cultivated over time through rituals and heritage passed on through primaeval languages. In essence, our culture and society are preserved or continue to exist because of language. I kick in heard the programme of UNESCO and strongly agree to their efforts to preserve the worlds languages because, as already mentioned, language is the vessel and the medium of traditions that uphold culture and society.Furthermore, language can create opportunities, facilitate social mobility, and clothe power. Some scholars compellingly claim that in several aspects, language is power. A societys linguistic term generally reveals its power structure, since language is a potent mechanism of social c ontrol. In my experience, it is true that those speakers of minority

Rules about Delivery in Contracts Involving the Sales of Goods Assignment

Rules about Delivery in Contracts Involving the Sales of Goods - Assignment Example before the creation of righteousnesss governing sales of goods contracts, the right of ownership or Law merchant was the major opinion below sales law (Mann & Roberts, 2007, p. 398).Such laws comprised a system of regulations, customs, as well as usages self-imposed by the sellers themselves, in order to settle disputes while enforcing agreement duties between them. Such rules were introduced during fairs when merchants met to swap goods dismantle as they settle their differences via the fair courts they operated themselves. Hence, from 17th-century judges refined the codes behind mercantile laws into contemporary commercial law of sales (Mann & Roberts, 2007, p. 398). certain issues arose under rules governing delivery in sales of goods. Firstly, how do you determine what clipping the title actually changed from seller to buyer? As it presented a challenge in deciding which political party the possession title had at the instance of a loss. Secondly, even though orthodox assessment under much(prenominal) rules would probably indicate that equity laws do not pertain, it would be hard to uphold such view in a contemporary and globalized world. Thus, the aim of this paper is to evaluate how delivery of contracts involving the sales of goods offers a contemporary uniform and fair regime practices for both domestic and international sale of goods. The paper withal discusses the controversies surrounding such rules.In most jurisdictions, the sale of goods contracts is accorded between the seller and a buyer meant to top the trade and delivery of goods, or any other personal property (Atiyah, Adams, & MacQuee, 2005, ch 1). For instance, in the US, domestic sales-contracts come back under the Uniform Commercial Code, while in Australia the contract for delivery under sales of goods waterfall under the Australian Sales ofGoods Act 1893. The rules are based on the Freedom of Co ntract, thus it is up to the concerned parties to agree on their bargain (Bridge, p. 45). Nevertheless, international sales contracts are governed by the United Nations conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 2009, or Vienna Sale Convention.

Air Pollution Controlling for industrial cities in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Air Pollution Controlling for industrial cities in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper ExampleThe inclination of nationalism should be aband unitaryd and the concept of international citizenship should be embraced in install to solve the problems of gentlemanity. The corporate entities are also required to practice the idea of green occupation and pass on also have to use alternative and eco-friendly energy sources. As a last resort the humanity should find ways for leaving Earth as its environment will decay beyond repair. The NASA along with main economic powers of the world is trying to perfect space cash in ones chips technology for resettlement of humanity on some other artificial satellite. Conclusively if all the methods of controlling planetary warming and aerial pollution then humanity may have to revert towards the simpler life that mustiness be spent in underground tunnels because in a few generations the Earths surface may draw inhabitable. However in the light of wh ole discussion the simpler life will be the best one for humans. Introduction The modern era of the 21st century has been facing the challenge of controlling pollution. The fundamental lawsuit for environmental degradation is believed to be growing number of green-house gases in the atmosphere. These lethal gases are however the byproducts of nominate of the art production technologies. The humanity has abandoned natural way of living and initiated to use vehicles and factories for transportation and production respectively. Yet aforementioned technological interventions are the most noned sources of pollution. The increasing pollution is also considered as one the most evidentiary causes of degrading health standards because harmful gases such as carbon monoxide when introduced into the human body can cause lung cancer and other respiratory issues (Brunekreef, Janssen, Hartog, Harssema, Knape, & Vliet, 1997). These gases are also causing the ozone storey to thicken that hinder s exhalation of ultraviolet rays. Thus, these gases are contributing significantly towards aggravating the phenomenon of globose warming. The sense of environmental betterment is quite prevalent in developed nations of the world. But less enlightened nations are not largely bothered by the presence and expansion of environmental decay. In recent years up to now researchers from underdeveloped countries are emphasizing the notion of policy development in order to control and eliminate environmental deformation. According to a sensitive calculation, it was found that in the next 150 years the planet Earth will become uninhabitable because of global warming. Moreover the destructive forces are already beginning to set in as glaciers are melting and therefore hurricanes and flooding are increasing in all parts of the world. Furthermore the nature of problems identified in the preceding paragraph is international and receivable to this reason nations are suggested to pool their reso urces in order to fight the biggest challenge humanity has ever faced. The sequence is believed to be near when humans will be forced to revert towards simpler existence in order to save their skin. According modern research caves and underground tunnels are significantly immune to the effects of global warming and therefore if everything fails against global warming and pollution then humans may have to precede shelter in caves. The typical corporate mindset of remuneration maximization has played a significant role in enhancing the demon of global warming. In the past and present the businessmen remained concerned with profit that compelled them to harm the natural

Clara Schumann Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Clara Schumann - Essay ExampleIn feature she has made a unique world of medication which was unnoticeable to the in the public eye(predicate) till that time. The contributions of Clara Schumann to the world of music remain unique, in particular when we consider the fact that most of the ancient musicians were from the dominant priapic community and females had umpteen restrictions in the society during her life period. In an era when women, apart from singers, almost never performed in public or composed, Clara Schumann did both (Clara Schumann (1819-1896)). This paper analyses the life and contributions of Clara Schumann and answer the question Why did Clara Schumann have great succeeder during a time when women had many restrictions in society? As in the cases of other regions and countries, the conditions of German women in the nineteenth century were not so encouraging. German women forced to work hard for finding livelihood, especially poor women. German women forced to work in domestic services and in shops during this period and it was embarrassing for them to concentrate on recreational areas like music because of the over burden of looking after their family and the male dominance in the society. Historically, German women faced severe discrimination in the society mainly because of the Christian prejudice against women. They were excluded change surface from church participation in till the beginning of the nineteenth century. As recent as 1700, women were not allowed to sing in churches.In the Middle Ages, women were still subordinate to men. They could not be active in the political life of the society (Gordeeva). However, Clara Schumanns suffer was a brave psyche who had liberal views about social life. He never believed in traditions and customs even though he studied theology. He was a musician by concern and did everything needed to encourage his daughter Clara to collect music. However, Claras father was cruel at times which forc ed her to concentrate fully on her profession and learn more and more topics in piano playing. Clara slowly gained popularity and started to mesmerize the audience with her immense talents on Piano. She was able to play piano from her memory which was a rare sight during that period. In 1830s, she met several famous musicians of that time, including Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, and Robert Schumann. The meeting with Robert Schumann made lot of changes in her life. By 1836, Clara had become completely infatuated with Robert Schumann and her fathers concern over the suitability of the match was apparent(Clara Schumann (1819-1896)). But her father was against this relationship. Robert Schumann was comparatively an unknown composer while Clara was already a famous and accomplished performer. On March 15, 1838, at the age of 18, she current the greatest honor Austria could bestow She was named Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuosa, even though she was a protestant, stranger and a female (Reich, p.3). In other words, Claras popularity and fame was not limited to the boundaries of Germany alone. She became world famous even at the age of 18 which forced her father to try and break her love affair with Robert Schumann. Claras father tried to prevent Clara from meeting Schumann, but they strengthened their love affair through orphic romantic letters. German laws during that period prevented a woman from marrying without her fathers consent. The battle between Clara

Techniques in Immunocytochemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Techniques in Immunocytochemistry - quiz Example subsequently that, both slides were incubated in a medium containing diaminobenzidine (DAB). The sections were mounted with a minimal intensity of the aqua mount and were then visualized under a light microscope. The tissue that was incubated with primary antibody was given up a blue nucleus with a brown colored background this indicates the presence of the target antigen (Griffins, 2011).Immunocytochemistry is a common laboratory technique that makes use of antibodies to target ad hoc antigens in a cell via specific epitopes (an epitope is the part of an antigen that is recognized by antibodies). These bound antibodies can then be detected by exploitation many different methods. The antigen is bound by a primary antibody, which is then amplified by use of a secondary antibody. The secondary antibody can be an enzyme that is conjugated. Immunocytochemistry binds antibodies that are specific reagents and allow unique detection of p roteins and molecules. It is a valuable tool for the determination of cellular content from individual cells (Gillian et al., 2011).The tissue sections of the cardiac myosin were cut and fixed in acetone. After this, the slides were unwrapped and each slide was placed in a plastic petri-dish. The ii plastic Petri-dishes were labeled one was the control and the other the antibody. A piece of paper was put underneath each slide to form a humidity chamber. The tissue sections were blocked by adding two drops.A PBS buffer containing three percent BSA was introduced and then the tissue incubated at room temperature for five minutes. After that, the excess medium was tipped and the zone around the tissue section was wiped dry with paper toweling.

Hume and Kant on Free

Hume and Kant on Free pull up stakes EssayAbstr get alongThis paper is an attempt to show how Kants ideas concerning realistic and transcendental riddom of the pull up stakes was a signifi nookiet correction to the parallel theories of Hume. It starts out by clarifying Humes critique of handsome will, especially as it appears in An examination Concerning Human Understanding. It draws the conclusion that Humes philosophy is espousing suspense, and that Kants feat is to overcome this unbelief and relaxation methodore trust in curtilage. The philosophy of Kant is outlined in come out to profess the last point. It is generally agreed that Kant supplied the definitive stamp to philosophy that ushered in the modern age. Hume, though hugely influential in his time, and a favorite in the French salons of philosophy, fell into disrepute in the twee era, and exclusively since has fix a root of restored interest. Yet Hume is the philosopher cited by Kant as having stirred h im from his dogmatic slumbers. He had espoused a philosophy of empirical hesitation, so thorough and devastating in its scope that it became impotential for Kant to keep in his settled certainties of Newtonian lore. It was the spur that carried him on to compose the brushup of Pure Reason (1781), where reason is restored, and man is once more vindicated as a rational being.Just because he refuted and answered Humes skepticism does non imply that the latter philosophy is nullified. We must keep this in master object, that Humes skepticism is completely valid as far as sense experience is concerned, and Kant does non refute any part of this philosophy. What he does is posit a further dimension to gracious taste, specifi call backy, the synthetic a priori readiness of the mind, the existence of which Hume did non suspect. Only after this addition is the primacy of reason restored. So we cannot say that Kant has destroyed Humes philosophy, rather he has added to it.Central t o Humes skepticism is his critique of cause and effect, which is spelled out to its close profound depths in chapter VII of the An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748). The preliminary task is to outline the likeness belief. The premise to this is that all copeledge begins from sense experience. Among such we atomic number 18 able to distinguish between primary election and supportary sensations. The primary sensations argon extension, motion, inertia etc, which are and so the concepts that physics tackles. Color, taste, smell etc are state to be upholdary sensations, comprise or derived from the primary ones.The copy principle says that the primary sensations, though not bring throughing complete information from the visible object which is more poignantly described as the object in itself nevertheless is a faithful copy of it. This is why primary sensations are distinct and forceful presences in our mind. Secondary sensations are in turn copies of the orig inal copy, and collectable to this derivative temperament they lose edge to us. We will examine the copy principle of Hume in a moment.For the time being we accept it as such and moot the consequences. For Humes purposes, it has allowed him to refer to objects and their motions with confidence, and not to be held back by the validity of these concepts. For without the principle we dont know as yet that objects are objects, and motion is motion, and we would welcome had to deal with a loony bin of sense experience, and nothing meaningful to refer to it once morest (1993, p. 12).So now, with the copy principle of Hume as foundation, we bear on to talk about objects in motion. Next, we travel along interdependence between objects, carried out in space and time. We know that motion in one object is cause to motion in another.A billiard ball in motion strikes another, and after impact the second acquires a velocity too, and the faculty of our spirit tells us, without the least (prenominal) inkling of doubt, that the impact imparted by the first ball is the cause of the second ball gaining motion. This understanding is so refined that we can, with a little help from Newtons mechanics, predict the exact trajectory of the second ball by analyzing the trajectory of the first. We know it, scarce how do we know it? This is the crucial question for Hume. For if we do not have the answer we are left with skepticism.After impact with the first ball the second could have taken any one of an infinite number of trajectories. unless it takes only one, and indeed we involve it to take only that one. A physicist may come along and try to convince us that it could not have taken any other trajectory because the laws of motion stipulates that, with the initial conditions given, the path it takes is the only possible one. just now this is not an answer to the percipient of the billiard ball, because he doesnt care what the laws of physics are. If nature had followed another numeral law then another outcome would have been simply as valid.The observer could then have framed his conundrum differently Of the infinite possible mathematical laws why just that one? there is nothing in the inner system of logic of the situation that dictates that the first ball should make water exactly the prescribed trajectory in the second. Hume s supporter this about the essayal set-up, that we may try an experiment ten times, and may arrive at the exact aforementioned(prenominal) result ten times. But this does not prove that the specific outcome is inevitable. Not even if we confirmed the outcome a million times, because we would comfort only have a statistical probability and not a proof.Humes conclusion is that on that point is no rational link between cause and effect. Yet we expect effect to follow cause, like a shot and irrevocably. If this is so then, explains Hume, it is a feeling transmitted to us by custom. What exactly he means by custom is l eft vague. He could not have meant anything other than observing over and over again, even though this fails to take into account new experience.He himself supplies a famous counterexample in the Enquiry. nearly one who has experienced all the shades of blue, except for a tiny strip of the spectrum, is expected to fib a gap when looking at the full spectrum of blue. But the fact is that he does not observe a gap at all, and recognizes at once the full spectrum of blue, even though he is experiencing a particular shade on blue for the first time. The recognition was instantaneous, and the eye did require accustoming beforehand. This readily disposes the possibleness of custom. Hume, however, continues to insist that our convictions regarding cause and effect can have no other source than custom.That the proof to custom is a vague one is make clear when he comes to consider plain will. The rattling act of awareness, he says, testifies to the existence of free will. But coming t o reflect on how it is possible that we are able to willingly set our limbs into motion, and to course and external object thereby, it appears nothing less than miraculous. The mystery in nothing less than how one immaterial body imparts momentum to anotherFor first Is there any principle in all nature more mysterious than the union of soul with body by which a supposed spiritual substance acquires such an influence over a material one, that the or so refined thought is able to actuate the grossest depend? (Hume, 1993, p. 43)The upshot is that we cannot explain free will, just as sure as shooting as we cannot explain cause and effect. Custom was hesitantly introduced to explain cause and effect, and the same comes to the deliverance of free will. As constant observers of nature we come to expect an effect to always follow a cause, and the same analysis ought to be applied to the orbit of human will. In all times and in all places humans have shown a application in their day to day affairs, which points to a constancy in human nature. The speculation concerning the scope of free will is overdone by the philosophers, maintains Hume.The exercise of free will, when looked at through the vista of human history, does not display divergence as much as it displays constancy. Hume broaches on the distinction between freedom and necessity to make this point clear. Inanimate objects convey to us most clearly the quality of freedom. We may describe an inanimate object as indifferent to the rest of the material universe, and in that sense free. But this freedom also entails necessity. The object is subject to the necessary laws of causation, and indeed is bound entirely by them. This is the relationship that splices cause and effect to inanimate objects, and is a relationship that is composed of two freedom and necessity.Hume transposes the same analysis to the relationship between human beings and free will. The will is indeed free, but being so implies that it co nforms to human nature. He proposes the following definitionBy liberty, then, we can only mean a power of acting or not acting, correspond to the determinations of the will this is, if we choose to quell at rest, we may if we choose to move, we also may. (1993, p. 63)The notion of free will advanced here bears a crucial difference to the popular one, and begs to be spelt out. What Hume describes as free will is not a choice between course A and B. Rather the choice is between A and not A, the latter implying stagnation, not an alternative course. This is the entire extent of our free will. We choose either to move forrard, or else to stand still. This is what Hume would describe as freedom to act. Free will, however, is in complete accordance with human nature, and hence follows the laws of necessity, just as everything else in contingent reality. Free will urges us to act freely. With freedom to act we may respond to this urge, or we may desist.In the final analysis our underst anding of free will hinges on custom, in the same way as does our understanding of cause and effect. The ancient is guide to the future in the probabilistic sense. Beyond probabilities we have no understanding of either, contends Hume. In order to enforce this skepticism he proceeds to dismantle the Cartesian theories that pretended to explain mind and matter interaction, especially the theory of occasionalism advanced by Father Nicholas Malebranche.In this theory God is made both motivator and executor of every act or incident that seems to be cause, while the circumstances which we call a cause are only occasions for God to act in such a manner. Hume complained that this not only made God a slave to his own creation, but it also eradicated free will, making everything full of God (1993, p. 47). By disposing summarily the Cartesian explanations of cause and effect Hume makes his skepticism complete.Kant overcomes this skepticism by revising the premise of Hume. The correction is m ade most forcefully in the opening to the CritiqueAlthough all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises entirely from experience. For it is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our own faculty of knowing (incited by impressions) supplies from itself (1999, p. 1)To be fair to Hume, he does consider this possibility, and ponders whether there is a blueprint in the mind where all causes and all effects can be referred back. (1993, p. 44). But he dismisses this idea when he realizes that a static blueprint can never account for the dynamic reality. However, the faculty that Kant is suggesting is not static, rather dynamic and creative, and here lies the crucial difference. In the technological terms of Kant it is the synthetic a priori faculty of the mind. This is distinguished from the analytic a priori faculty, such as logic. The rules of logic are extant in the mind (a pri ori), but form a self-consistent system (analytical), and therefore do not depend on sense experience.On the first instance it seems impossible that the mind can have a faculty that is synthetic a priori, where synthetic implies that it is creative. It entails that order is created out of the chaos of sense experience, and order that was not there before. But Kant also provides proof that the mind is capable of synthesis. numeric propositions are synthetic a priori, he contended. The proposition 3 + 5 = 8 may speech sound like self-consistent logic, but it is not really so. 8 is a completely new concept, and is not contained in either 3, 5 or +. If we know that 3 + 5 = 8, it is due to a synthetic a priori faculty in the mind.As Kant relates in the Prolegomena, when he realized that mathematical propositions are indeed synthetic a priori, it led him to ponder on what other such concepts the mind uses to facilitate understanding, and it appeared to him, in due course, that cause and effect was a concept of understanding that derives from the same faculty. He does not at all concern himself with material reality as a thing in itself, that which the materialist philosophers were after in order to provide a foundation to Newtonian science. Like Hume he maintains end-to-end that an absolute material reality is beyond knowledge, and to speculate on its existence was futile.We only need to consider what we perceive and what we do. He also shows that Hume falters at exactly those points where he cannot dismiss material existence in itself. The copy principle is slavish to a material object in itself. The object does not deliver copies to our mind rather the mind provides the concepts of space in which we are able to conjure up material objects from sensory data. Both space and time are pure concepts of the mind, contends Kant, and like cause and effect are the tools by which we come to understand contingent reality (Prolegomena, 2005, p. 26).As soon as it is made out that we are the responsible architects of our own reality, and are not passive bystanders to an absolute material reality beyond our control, we suddenly discover ourselves as clean beings. Therefore the subsequent direction of Kants philosophy, after the metaphysics of understanding has been established, is towards a metaphysics of morals.And so emerges the crucial distinction that Kant makes between functional and transcendental freedom. To say that we have practical freedom implies we are able to understand the world, and by doing so we direct the will accordingly. We will do so of course for practical purposes survival, utility, convenience, happiness etc. this would seem to cover the entire orbit of freedom. But Kant went on to demonstrate, in his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), that such freedom is not actually freedom at all, and indeed is a binding. Thus far Kant is in concord with Hume.Now, the metaphysics of understanding, as spelt out in the Critique, is not the entire picture. The synthetic a priori faculty of the mind fashions understanding out of sensory experience. But such understanding does not lead to accuracy. As pure concepts of understanding space and time are both necessarily infinite. But because they emanate from the finite mind they are also finite. So in their very make-up space and time lead to contradictions. The same end must necessarily project anything that takes place within space and time. So that matter is both infinitely divisible and also made up of concrete building blocks.As another example, we have free will, but at the same time everything is caused, so we dont have free will. Such examples are put forward by Kant as pairs of antinomies. According to our understanding both consequences are valid, and yet they mutually contradict apiece other. All practical reasoning necessarily leads to pairs of antinomies.This must be so, because we reason by means of subject and predicate, where the subject is t he cause of the predicate. But this subject is in turn predicate to another subject, and so on in an infinite chain of causation. If there was an ultimate subject at the beginning of this chain, we could have claimed to have discovered the final cause, and thereby have at hand a pronouncement of truth. But in contingent reality there is no such final cause. So whenever we try to make pronouncements of truth we must face contradiction.We cannot say that practical reason is false for this reason. Life is govern by contingencies, and practical reason is to explain the contingent, or to facilitate such understanding. Absolute truth lies beyond all contingencies, and this is ruled by pure reason, explains Kant. It is not within the grasp of the human mind, yet it is the underpinning of the mind, and is the source of all nescient faculties.The same analysis applies to practical freedom, which is but the corollary to practical reason. With practical freedom we choose our course according to practical reason, i.e. we are motivated by self-serving motives happiness, honor, respectability, and so on. But in doing so we bind ourselves to those endless chains of contingencies, so that we are not really free. We chase material acquisition in order to be happy, and yet it always eludes us. The definition of freedom is to escape all contingencies, and yet by the application of practical reason we are mired more and more into contingent reality. Therefore we are not free.This is indeed a contradiction, one which Hume does not pay heed to. The very act of consciousness tells us that we are free, that out will is free. If practical reason does not embody this freedom, then surely pure reason must do so. By the same token, we are in possession of a transcendental freedom, which is a path that overcomes all contingencies, and is dictated by pure reason. Kant describes this path as the moral one. We recognize and follow this path from a sense of duty.To clarify what it is, duty is done for its own sake. There is no material motive whatsoever attached to it. Not for any particular good, it is done for the oecumenic good. It is a categorical imperative, meaning that the very make-up of our being, or pure reason, dictates that we follow it. As an aid to identifying ones duty Kant devised the following wording for the categorical imperative I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law (Moral constabulary, 2005, p. 74).Kant is described as overcoming Humes skepticism. But it is questionable whether the latter is a skeptic at all. According to a contemporary, Humes philosophical paradoxes are delivered with a confidence that belies skepticism Never has there been a Pyrrhonian more dogmatic (qtd. in Mossner, 1936, p. 129). A more recent review of Hume is carried out by the German Neo-Kantian philosopher Ernst Cassirer, who opines, Humes doctrine is not to be understood as an end, but as a new begi nning (1951, p. 59).The nature of this new beginning is well articulated by Hume himself. Indulge your passion for science, nature tells us, according to Hume, but let your science be human, and such as may have a direct reference to action and society (Hume, 1993, p. 3). If we listen carefully, the moral check that Hume is sounding is hardly different from that of the categorical imperative of Kant. Not for the persons sake, but for mans sake. Not for the particular good but for the universal good. This is the essence of Humes projected science of man, as it is also the heart of Kants metaphysics of morals.ReferencesCassirer, E. (1951). The Philosophy of the Enlightenment. Trans. Fritz C. A. Koelln and James P. Pettegrove. Boston Beacon Press.Hume, D. (1993). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. E. Steinberg (Ed.) Boston Hackett Publishing.Kant, I. (1999). Critique of Pure Reason. W. S. Pluhar (Trans.), E. Watkins (Ed.) Boston Hackett Publishing.Kant, I. (2005). Kants Prole gomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Whitefish, MT Kessinger Publishing.Kant, I. (2005). The Moral Law Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. Translated by H. J. Paton. New York Routledge.Mossner, E. C. (1936). Bishop Butler and the Age of Reason A Study in the account statement Of Thought. New York Macmillan.

Saks Fifth Avenue Merchandising Essay Example for Free

Saks 5th Avenue Merchandising EssayMerchandising Saks ordinal Avenue is a lead retail governing offering a wide assortment of luxury fashion app bel, accessories, shoes, jewelry, and cosmetics. Their main target market is the upscale customer that is willing to pay for main designer brands and products such as Louis Vuitton, Ralph Lauren, and many others. Currently, Saks has 46 stores by means of 22 states that are usually free standing in distinct shopping destinations or anchors in expensive regional malls as quoted from their annual report.Saks primarily focuses on providing luxury brands and unique merchandise to their summation customers. Because of the corner, Saks Fifth Avenue changed their methods of merchandising to become more goodable as well as disregard more to their customers but still kept their main focus on luxury and unique brands. In 2009, their last(a) profit margin was a shun 9. 7% with their net profit being negative $54,512,000 and starting off n et gross sales as $564,519,000. The CEO of Saks Fifth Avenue, Stephen Sadove, decided that the come with needful to pursue an offensive strategy rather than a defensive one.In found to maintain this strategy, Saks apply a 9-box grid strategy to chart their merchandise for each store. The 9-box grid strategy helped Saks categorize the outgo mix of clothe and accessories for the main customers at each of their store locations. There are three harm tiers to follow along the grid such as good, better, and best. Each item falls into one of these set tiers as well as three general lifestyle categories such as classic, uptown, and contemporary.These specific categories brook Saks with a better understanding of how their products are viewed by their customers as well as how much they are willing to spend on different items. Sakss Senior Vice President of Marketing and Advertising, Kimberly Grabel, say that they wanted to implement a strategy that had a good coverage for everyone to produce a actually blended customer base. From their findings along the 9-box grid, Saks tailors each of its stores to fit that customer base in that area. Fashion apparel located in their New York location will be different from the products presented in their Indianapolis store.As mentioned earlier, they specifically choose their store locations in their respective markets to target their core customers that value their merchandise. The most serious products to evaluate within this grid are Sakss private labels and exclusive products. These products build a patriotic customer base because shoppers cannot find them at any other retail store and improve company profit margins. One of Sakss private labels is called Saks Fifth Avenue Private Collections where they offer more undated clothing rather than trendy.Within this collection, they have three distinct lines such as signature, classic, and sports with prices ranging from $98 to $1,000 as stated in the New York Times artic le. Saks Fifth Avenues exclusive products are where they discover themselves in the luxury market and remain unique. In their annual report, the company states that they have key relationships with designers same Giorgio Armani, Chanel, Gucci, Prada, and Burberry, among many others. Just recently, they expanded one of their exclusive offerings in the mens collection with Valentino.At the moment, Saks Fifth Avenues presence of private labels and exclusive products in their stores are in the impose teens, but their goal is to reach 20%. Since exclusive products and private labels are so important to Saks merchandising, they labor these brands by in-store displays and catalogue layouts. Within their stores, each mannequin is dressed with only one specific designer. This gives an good to the exclusive designer of the featured clothing because a customer might see the entire sidetrack and want the complete package besides just a blouse.An article within The Wall passageway Journal states that within Sakss holiday catalogue, four out of six items shown are exclusive, so their customers be where to get that exact product. Because of these unique products as well as their 9-box grid strategy, Saks Fifth Avenue has returned from the recession on an ok note, and they continue to improve. In 2010, they began with net sales of $593,145,000 which was a 5% increase since August1, 2009. Their net profit was still in the negative at $32,234,000, but they had an increase of 4. % in their net profit margin.Within 2011, their margins increased even more with a 13% increase in net sales to $670,180,000, and a 4. 2% increase in net profit margin resulting in only having a negative net profit of $8,369,000 as stated in their SEC filings in the 10Q reports. In order to remain successful, Saks Fifth Avenue focuses on offering luxury brands and unique merchandise. With their distinct store locations end-to-end the country, Saks is able to reach their intended upscale customer and satisfy their needs and wants. By creating value with their products, Saks Fifth Avenue continues to be a lead retail organization.

Give Five Difference on Quality Assurance and Quality Control Essay Example for Free

Give Five Difference on gaffe Assurance and Quality Control strainQuality Assurance (Qa) Qa Is Process that is use to Create axerophthol en intensity level criterion amp road map to rectify the Quality ofSoiftw atomic enumerate 18 Process amp Prevent Bug from the Application Quality trustis a adjoin in which totally the roles argonguided and moniteered to accomplish their tasks veracious hand fromthe starting of the c all over till the rest Quality Assurance- customer satisfication by providing value for their silver by always tacking whole step mathematical growth as per customer circumstantialation and deli real over screenment. Quality Control QC is evaluating the crop, investing the mars and suggesting improvements for the same. It is oriented towards Detection eg examen. Quality Control is a constitution of r come onine technical activites, to measure and control the choice of the inventory as it is being developed. Quality Control accepts general manners such as accuracychecks on data achievement and calculation and the use ofapproved standardised procedure for emission calculations, measurements, estimating un authoritativeites, archivinginformations and reporting.Quality Control (QC)Qc is a process that is use to Find BugFrom The Product , as early as possible amp advance sure theyget Fixed Quality control is a process in which sudden checkings beconducted on the roles Quality Control - QC is evaluating the yield,identifying the defects and suggesting improvements for the same. It is oriented towards Detection egTesting. What ar 8 principles of total feature charge and key bene give-up the ghosts the eight principles of TQM 1. prime(prenominal) green goddess and mustiness(prenominal) be manage 2. everyone has a customer to joyfulness 3. processes, not the deal, ar the hassle 4. very employee is responsible for fictitious character 5. problems must be prevented, not skilful fixed 6. caliber must be measur ed so it support be controlled 7. quality improvements must be continuos 8. quality cultures must be base on customer requirements. The concept of TQM ( fargon Quality Management) Total Quality Management is a charge approach that originated in the 1950s and has steadily become a good deal snips popular since the early 1980s. Total Quality is a description of the culture, attitude and composition of a p flummox along that strives to rear customers with products and dish outs that satisfy their of necessity.The culture requires quality in all aspects of the comp anys operations, with processes being done right the startle time and defects and waste eradicated from operations. Total Quality Management, TQM, is a method by which charge and employees hobo become bear ond in the continuous improvement of the production of darlings and att destructions. It is a combination of quality and management tools aimed at increasing backup and reducing losses repayable to wasteful practices. Some of the companies who rent apply TQM include Ford Motor Company, Phillips Semiconductor, SGL Carbon, Motorola and Toyota Motor Company.TQM Defined TQM is a management philosophy that seeks to integrate all organizational functions (marketing, finance, design, engineering, and production, customer service, and so forthtera ) to contract on meeting customer wishs and organizational objectives. TQM views an organization as a sight of processes. It maintains that organizations must strive to continuously improve these processes by incorporating the chicaneledge and experiences of workers. The unreserved objective of TQM is Do the right things, right the first time, every time. TQM is infinitely variable and adaptable.Although originally employ to manufacturing operations, and for a number of years only use in that area, TQM is now becoming recognized as a generic management tool, just as relevant in service and public empyrean organizations. There are a number of evolutionary strands, with different sectors creating their own versions from the uncouth ancestor. TQM is the foundation for activities, hich include * Commitment by senior management and all employees * Meeting customer requirements * Reducing tuition rhythm method of birth control clock * Just In Time/ requisite Flow Manufacturing * Improvement teams Reducing product and service lives * Systems to facilitate improvement * Line Management ownership * Employee movement and empowerment * Recognition and jubilance * Challenging quantified goals and benchmarking * Focus on processes / improvement plans * Specific incorporation in strategic preparedness This shows that TQM must be practiced in all activities, by all personnel, in Manufacturing, grocery storeing, Engineering, RampD, Sales, Purchasing, HR, etc. The bone marrow of TQM is the customer-supplier interfaces, both externally and inseparablely, and at each interface lie a number of processes.This core must be sur rounded by commitment to quality, communication of the quality message, and recognition of the need to transpose the culture of the organization to create total quality. These are the foundations of TQM, and they are supported by the key management functions of people, processes and bodys in the organization. Difference amongst Product Quality and Process Quality 1. Product quality center we concentrate always net quality but in case of process quality we bedevil up the process parameterProduct quality means we concentrate quality of product that is fit for intended use and as per customer requirement.In the case of process quality we control our rejection rate such that in-house rejection is at tokenish level. 2. Product quality means we concentrate always final quality but in case of process quality we set the process parameter 3. Product quality is the quality of the final product made. While Process quality means the quality of every process involved in the manufacturi ng of the final product. 4. Product qualityis focusing on meeting tolerances in the end issue of the manufacturing activities. The end result is measured on a standard of good enough.Process quality focuses on each occupation and forces the activities to achievemaximum tolerancesirrespective of the end result. Something standardised a paint tin sens manufacturer, the merchandiser ship and the eyelid need to match. A product quality focus on whether the paint stand and lid fit tight enough but not too tight. This focus would require behinds to be inspected and a specific ratio of defective would be stick outed. Process quality, the peck making activities would be pronounced on its ability to to make the can opening exactly 6. 000 inches. The lid making would be evaluated on its ability to makelids6. 10 inches. No cans would be defective if the distribution of output sizes is narrow enough. The goal of process quality is to force narrow variance in product output to be ab le to expect close tolerances. This focus on process quality typically generates higher product quality as a tributary outcome. 5. When we talk about computer bundle product quality assurance, we often discuss process measurements, process improvements, productivity increase, quality improvement etc. And when we talk about quality improvement, mostly people think about product quality improvement.Most of the time people forget about process quality improvement. In fact, people muster up it awkward to differentiate between product quality and process quality. Let us find out the difference During computer bundle increment we have work products like requirement specifications, software package design, software code, user credentials, etc. Quality of any of these work products can be done by metre its attributes and finding of they are good enough. For instance, a requirement specification whitethorn be ambiguous or even wrong. In that case, quality of that requirement spec ification is bad.So during quality assurance audit (peer review, oversight etc. ), this defect can be caught so that it can be rectified. During software development discover, a lot of processes are followed. The top processes are the learn processes like project initiation, project preparation, project monitoring, and project closure. Then we have development processes likerequirement development, software design, software coding, software try out and software release. All of these processes are not executed perfectly on any project. Improvement in these processes can be achieved if we have audits of these processes.For instance, these audits are done by using standards like CMM (Capability Maturity Model). These standards dictate as to how any project or development process need to be executed on any project. If any process step is deviating too much from these standards then that process step needs to be improved. The most important job of any software quality assurance dep artment is to audit and envision that all processes on projects being executed in that organization adhere to these standards and so quality of these processes (project amp development) is good enough. Effect of ISO on Society SocietyISO standards process governments, civil society and the transmission line piece translate societal aspirations, such as for social responsibility, health, and safe viands and pee, into concrete realizations. In so doing, they support the United Nations Millennium growing Goals. Social responsibility 1 November 2010 saw the publication of ISO 26000 which gives organizations counselor-at-law on social responsibility, with the objective of sustainability. The standard was eagerly awaited, as shown by the fact that a unsullied four months gun for hiresequently its publication, a Google search resulted in nearly five million references to the standard.This indicates on that point is a global expectation for organizations in both public and priv ate sectors to be responsible for their actions, to be transparent, and stomach in an ethical manner. ISO 26000, developed with the engagement of experts from 99 countries, the majority from developing economies, and much than 40 world-wideorganizations, entrust help move from good intentions about social responsibility to effective action. Health ISO offers more than 1 400 standards for facilitating and improving health-care.These are developed inwardly 19 ISO technical committees addressing specific aspects of health care that bring together health practitioners and experts from government, industry and other stakeholder categories. Some of the topics addressed include health informatics, science laboratory equipment and examen, medical devices and their evaluation, dentistry, sterilization of healthcare products, implants for surgery, biological evaluation, robotic contraceptives, prosthetics and orthotics, quality management and protecting patient data.They proffer bene fits for researchers, manufacturers, regulators, health-care professionals, and, most important of all, for patients. The World Health Organization is a major stakeholder in this work, holding contact status with 61 of ISOs health-related technical committees (TCs) or subcommittees (SCs). nourishment There are or so 1 000 ISO food-related standards benefitting producers and manufacturers,regulators and examination laboratories, packaging and transport companies, merchants and retailers, and the end consumer. In recent years, there has been strong emphasis on standards to break safe food supply chains.At the end of 2010, five years after the publication of ISO 22000, the standard was being implemented by users in 138 countries. At least 18 630 certificates of conformity at exam that food safety management organizations were being implemented according to the requirements of the standard, had been issued by the end of 2010, an increase of 34 % over the previous year. The level of inter-governmental interest in ISOs food standards is shown by the fact that the UNs Food and Agriculture Organizations has liaison status with 41 ISO TCs or SCs. WaterThe goals of safe water and improved sanitation are ingrained in the UN Millennium Development Goals. ISO is contributing through the development of standards for both imbibing water and wastewater services and for water quality. Related areas addressed by ISO include irrigation systems and plastic shout through which water flows. In all, ISO has developed more than 550 water-related standards. A major partner in standards for water quality is the United Nations Environment Programme. The Waterfall Model was first Process Model to be introduced.It is alike referred to as alinear-sequential life cycle stumper. It is very unproblematic to understand and use. In a falls model, each phase must be entire fully forwards the next phase can begin. At the end of each phase, a review takes place to interpret if the pr oject is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard the project. In falls model phases do not overlap. Diagram of Waterfall-model Advantages of waterfall model * Simple and easy to understand and use. * Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. Phases are processed and completed one at a time. * Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood. Disadvantages of waterfall model * Once an screening is in the teststage, it is very difficult to go back and qualifying something that was not well-thought out in the concept stage. * No operative software is produced until late during the life cycle. * higher(prenominal) nitty-grittys of hazard and uncertainty. * Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects. * Poor model for long and on-going projects. Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to high jeopardize of changing. When to use t he waterfall model * Requirements are very well cognise, clear and fixed. * Product exposition is stable. * Technology is understood. * There are no ambiguous requirements * Ample resources with required expertise are available freely * The project is short. The grassroots idea here is that instead of freezing the requirements before a design or coding can proceed, a throwaway prototype is built to understand the requirements. This prototype is developed establish on the soon known requirements.By using this prototype, the client can get an actual feel of the system, since the interactions with prototype can enable the client to better understand the requirements of the coveted system. Prototyping is an attractive idea for complicated and large systems for which there is no manual process or existing system to help determining the requirements. The prototype are usually not complete systems and many of the details are not built in the prototype. The goal is to provide a system with overall functionality. Diagram of sample model Advantages of Prototype model Users are actively involved in the development * Since in this methodology a working model of the system is provided, the users get a better understanding of the system being developed. * wrongdoings can be detected much earlier. * Quicker user feedback is available leading to better solutions. * Missing functionality can be identified soft * Confusing or difficult functions can be identified Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but functional, application. Disadvantages of Prototype model * Leads to implementing and then rejuvenateing way of building systems. Practically, this methodology may increase the complexity of the system as scope of the system may expand beyond original plans. * Incomplete application may relieve oneself application not to be used as the full system was designed Incomplete or inadequate problem analytic thinking. When to use Prototype model * P rototype model should be used when the desired system needs to have a lot of interaction with the end users. * Typically, online systems, web interfaces have a very high amount of interaction with end users, are stovepipe suited for Prototype model.It major power take a while for a system to be built that allows ease of use and needs minimal training for the end user. * Prototyping ensures that the end users constantly work with the system and provide a feedback which is co-ordinated in the prototype to result in a useable system. They are excellent for designing good human computer interface systems. In incremental model the whole requirement is shared into mingled builds. Multiple development cycles take place here, making the life cycle amulti-waterfall cycle. Cycles are divided up into smaller, more easily managed modules. each(prenominal) module passes through the requirements, design, mplementation andexaminationphases. A working version of software is produced during th e first module, so you have working software early on during thesoftware life cycle. Each subsequent release of the module adds function to the previous release. The process continues till the complete system is achieved. For interpreter In the plot above when we workincrementallywe are adding piece by piece but expect that each piece is fully finished. Thus keep on adding the pieces until its complete. Diagram of Incremental model Advantages of Incremental model * Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle. More pliable less costly to change scope and requirements. * Easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration. * Customer can respond to each built. * Lowers initial delivery cost. * Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled during itd iteration. Disadvantages of Incremental model * Needs good planning and design. * Needs a clear and complete definition of the whole system before it can be broken down and built incrementally. * Total cost is higher thanwaterfall. When to use the Incremental model * Requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood. study requirements must be defined however, some details can evolve with time. * There is a need to get a product to the market early. * A sore technology is being used * Resources with undeniable skill set are not available * There are some high risk features and goals. Difference between spiral model and incremental model Incremental Development Incremental Development is a practice where the system functionalities are whiled into increments (small portions). In each increment, a vertical slice of functionality is delivered by going through all the activities of the software development process, from the requirements to the deployment.Incremental Development (adding) is often used together with Iterative Development (redo) in software development. This is referred to as Iterative and Incremental Development (IID). hel ix model The Spiral Model is another IID approach that has been formalized by Barry Boehm in the mid-1980s as an perpetuation of the Waterfall to better support iterative development and puts a special emphasis on risk management (through iterative risk analysis). 4 Reasons to Use Fishbone Diagrams The fishbone diagram, or the cause and effect diagram, is a dim-witted graphic display that shows all the possible causes of a problem in a business process.It is in any case called the Ishakawa diagram. Fishbone diagrams are profitable due to how they portray information. There are 4 Main Reasons to use a Fishbone Diagram 1. Display relationships The fishbone diagram captures the associations and relationships among the potential causes and effects displayed in the diagram. These relationships can be easily understood. 2. signal all causes simultaneously Any cause or causal chain featured on the fishbone diagram could be contributing to the problem.The fishbone diagram illustrates e ach and every possible cause in an easily clear way this makes it a neat tool for presenting the problem to stakeholders. 3. Facilitate brainstorming The fishbone diagram is a great way to stimulate and structure brainstorming about the causes of the problem because it captures all the causes. Seeing the fishbone diagram may stimulate your team to explore possible solutions to the problems. 4. ease maintain team focus The fishbone framework can keep your team focused as you discuss what data needs to be gathered.It helps ensure that everyone is stack away information in the most efficient and useful way, and that nobody is wasting energy chasing nonexistent problems. speedy software development is a group of software development methods based on iterative and incremental development, where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional teams. It promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary development and delivery, a time-boxed ite rative approach, and encourages quick and flexible response to change. It is a conceptual framework that promotes foreseen interactions throughout the development cycle.Rapid application development (RAD) is a software development methodology that uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping. The planning of software developed using RAD is interleaved with writing the software itself. The lack of extensive pre-planning generally allows software to be written much faster, and makes it easier to change requirements. Code and fix Code and fix development is not so much a deliberate strategy as an artifact of naivete and schedule oblige on software developers. 5 Without much of a design in the way, course of instructionmers immediately begin producing code.At some point, examination begins (often late in the development cycle), and the inevitable bugs must then be fixed before the product can be shipped. See excessively Continuous integration and Cowboy coding What ar the B enefits of Pareto Analysis? A Pareto analysis is an observation of causes of problems that occur in either an organization or periodic life, which is then displayed in a histogram. A histogram is a chart that prioritizes the causes of problems from the sterling(prenominal) to the least severe. The Pareto analysis is based on the Pareto Principle, alike known as the 80/20 rule, which nominates that 20 percent of effort yields 80 percent of results.For example, if an case-by-case sells items on eBay, he should focus on 20 percent of the items that yield 80 percent of sales. According to Mindtools. com, a Pareto analysis enables individuals to make effective changes. Organizational Efficiency * A Pareto analysis requires that individuals list changes that are needed or organizational problems. Once the changes or problems are listed, they are ranked in order from the biggest to the least severe. The problems ranked highest in severity should become the main focus for problem reso lution or improvement.Focusing on problems, causes and problem resolution contributes to organizational efficiency. Companies operate efficiently when employees identify the root causes of problems and spend time resolving the biggest problems to yield the greatest organizational benefit. Enhanced Problem-Solving Skills * You can improve your problem-solving skills when you conduct a Pareto analysis, because it enables you to organize work-related problems into cohesive facts. Once youve clearly outlined these facts, you can begin the planning necessary to solve the problems. Members of a group can conduct a Pareto analysis together.Arriving at a group consensus about the issues that require change fosters organizational learning and increases group cohesiveness. * Improved Decision make * Individuals who conduct a Pareto analysis can measure and compare the impact of changes that take place in an organization. With a focus on resolving problems, the procedures and processes requir ed to make the changes should be documented during a Pareto analysis. This documentation ordain enable better preparation and improvements in decision making for future changes. BENEFITS OF CONTROL CHARTS 1.Help you recognize and understand variability and how to control it 2. Identify special causes of variation and changes in procedure 3. go along you from fixing a process that is varying randomly within control limits that is, no special causes are present. If you want to improve it, you have to objectively identify and eliminate the root causes of the process variation 4. financial aid in the diagnosis of process problems 5. Determine if process improvement effects are having the desired affects first companionship audit First Party The first fellowship audit is an audit carried out by a confederacy on itself to etermine whether its systems and procedures are consistently improving products and services, and as a means to evaluate conformity with the procedures and the standard. Each atomic number 42 and third party audit should consider the first party audits carried out by the fellowship in question. Ultimately, the only systems that should need to be examined are those of home(a) audits and reviews. In fact, the second or third parties themselves have to carry out internal or first party audits to ensure their own systems and procedures are meeting business objectives. SECOND PARTY (EXTERNAL) AUDITUnlike the first party audit, a second party audit is an audit of another organizations quality platform not under the direct control or within the organizational structure of the auditing organization. Second party audits are usually performed by the customer upon its suppliers (or potential suppliers) to ascertain whether or not the supplier can meet existing or proposed contractual requirements. Obviously, the suppliers quality system is a very important part of contractual requirements since it is directly (manufacturing, engineering, purchasi ng, quality control, etc. and indirectly (marketing, inside and alfresco sales, etc. ) responsible for the design, production, control and continued supportability of the product. Although second party audits are usually conducted by customers on their suppliers, it is sometimes beneficial for the customer to contract with an independent quality auditor. This action helps to promote an image of fairness and objectivity on the part of the customer. THIRD PARTY AUDIT Compared to first and second party audits where auditors are not independent, the third party audit is objective.It is an assessment of an organizations quality system conducted by an independent, outside auditor or team of auditors. When referring to a third party audit as it applies to an international quality standard such as ISO 9000, the term third party is synonymous with a quality system registrar whose primary responsibility is to assess an organizations quality system for conformance to that standard and issue a certificate of conformance (upon completion of a successful assessment). Application of IT in supplying Point of sale(POS) orcheckoutis the place where a retail transaction is completed.It is the point at which a customer makes a payment to a merchant in exchange for goods or services. At the point of sale the merchant would use any of a range of possible methods to calculate the amount owing, such as a manual system, weighing machines, scanners or an electronic cash register. The merchant impart usually provide hardware and options for use by the customer to make payment, such as an EFTPOS terminal. The merchant go out also normally issue a receipt for the transaction. Functions of IT in marketing determine Pricing plays an important role in determining market success and profitability.If you market products that have many competitors, you may face strong charge competition. In that situation, you must aim to be the lowest-cost supplier so you can set low prices and mum remai n profitable. You can overcome low price competition by differentiating your product and offering customers benefits and value that competitors cannot match. Promotion Promotion makes customers and prospects aware of your products and your company. Using promotional techniques, such as advertising, direct marketing, telemarketing or public relations, you can communicate product benefits and build preference for your companys products.Selling Marketing and selling are complementary functions. Marketing creates awareness and builds preference for a product, helping company sales representatives or retail sales staff sell more of a product. Marketing also supports sales by generating leads for the sales team to follow up. Market segmentation Market segmentation is a marketing strategy that involves dividing a broad keister market into subsets of consumers who have common needs, and then designing and implementing strategies to target their needs and desires using media channels and ot her touch-points that best allow to tally them.Types of segmentation Clickstream deportment A clickstream is the recording of the parts of the screen a computer user clicks on while web browsing or using another software application. As the user clicks anyplace in the webpage or application, the action is logged on a client or inside the web server, as well as possibly the web browser, router, proxy server or ad server. Clickstream analysis is useful for web activity analysis, software testing, market research, and for analyzing employee productivity. Target marketingA target market is a group of customers that the business has decided to aim its marketing efforts and ultimately its merchandise towards. A well-defined target market is the first element to a marketing strategy. The marketing mix variables of product, place (distribution), promotion and price are the four elements of a marketing mix strategy that determine the success of a product in the marketplace. Function of IT in supply chain Making sure the right products are in-store for shoppers as and when they want them is key to customer loyalty.It sounds simple enough, yet why do so many retailers still get it wrong. Demand planning Demand Planning is the art and science of planning customer petition to drive holistic execution of such demand by corporate supply chain and business management. Demand forecasting Demand forecasting is the activity of estimating the quantity of a product or service that consumers will leverage. Demand forecasting involves techniques including both informal methods, such as educated guesses, and quantitative methods, such as the use of historical sales data or current data from test markets.Demand forecasting may be used in making pricing decisions, in assessing future energy requirements, or in making decisions on whether to enter a new market. Just in time inventory Just in time(JIT) is a production strategy that strives to improve a businessreturn on investmentby reducing in-processinventoryand associatedcarrying be. Continuous replacing Continuous Replenishment is a process by which a supplier is notified daily of actual sales or warehouse shipments and commits to replenishing these sales (by size, color, and so on) without stock outs and without receiving replenishment orders.The result is a lowering of associated costs and an improvement in inventory turnover. Supply chain sustainability Supply chain sustainability is a business issue affecting an organizations supply chain or logistics network in terms of environmental, risk, and waste costs. Sustainability in the supply chain is increasingly seen among high-level executives as essential to delivering long-term profitability and has replaced monetary cost, value, and speed as the dominant topic of discussion among purchasing and supply professionals. Software testingDifference between defect, error, bug, affliction and fault A mistake in coding is called error ,error found by tester i s called defect, defect accepted by development team then it is called bug ,build does not meet the requirements then it Is failure. ErrorA discrepancy between a computed, observed, or measured value or condition and the true, specified, or theoretically correct value or condition. This can be a misunderstanding of the internal state of the software, an oversight in terms of memory management, confusion about the proper way to calculate a value, etc.FailureThe inability of a system or component to perform its required functions within specified performance requirements. See bug, crash, exception, and fault. Bug A fault in a architectural plan which causes the program to perform in an unintended or unanticipated manner. See anomaly, defect, error, exception, and fault. Bug is terminology of Tester. FaultAn haywire step, process, or data definition in a computer program which causes the program to perform in an unintended or unanticipated manner. See bug, defect, error, exception.D efect Commonly refers to several troubles with the software products, with its external behaviour or with its internal features. Regression testing Regression testing is any type of software testing that seeks to uncover new software bugs, or regressions, in existing functional and non-functional areas of a system after changes, such as enhancements, patches or configuration changes, have been made to them. Verification and Validation example is also given just below to this table. Verification Validation 1. Verification is a static practice of confirmatory documents, design, code and program. 1. Validation is a dynamic mechanism of validating and testing the actual product. 2. It does not involve executing the code. 2. It always involves executing the code. 3. It is human based checking of documents and files. 3. It is computer based execution of program. 4. Verification uses methods like inspections, reviews, walkthroughs, and Desk-checking etc. 4. Validation uses methods li ke black box (functional) testing, gray box testing, and white box (structural) testing etc. 5. Verificationis to check whether the software conforms to specifications. 5.Validationis to check whether software meets the customer expectations and requirements. 6. It can run across errors that validation cannot catch. It is low level exercise. 6. It can catch errors that verification cannot catch. It is High Level Exercise. 7. Target is requirements specification, application and software architecture, high level, complete design, and database design etc. 7. Target is actual product-a building block, a module, a dented of integrated modules, and effective final product. 8. Verification is done by QA team to ensure that the software is as per the specifications in the SRS document. 8. Validation is carried out with the involvement of testing team. 9. It generally comes first-done before validation. 9. It generally follows after verification. Differences in the midst of Bl ack Box Testing and white-hot Box Testing Criteria Black Box Testing White Box Testing Definition Black Box Testing is a software testing method in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is NOT known to the tester White Box Testing is a software testing method in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is known to the tester. Levels Applicable To Mainly applicable to higher levels of testing Acceptance TestingSystem Testing Mainly applicable to lower levels of testing Unit TestingIntegration Testing Responsibility Generally, independent Software Testers Generally, Software Developers Programming Knowledge Not Required Required instruction execution Knowledge Not Required Required Basis for Test Cases Requirement Specifications Detail Design A programmer, computer programmer, developer, coder, or software engineer is a person who writes computer software.A quality assurance officer implements strategic pla ns, supervises quality assurance personnel and is responsible for budgets and allocating resources for a quality assurance department or branch. Levels of testing Incomputer programming,unit testingis a method by which individual units ofsource code, sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control data, usage procedures, and run procedures, are tested to determine if they are fit for use. Intuitively, one can view a unit as the smallest testable part of an application.Integration testing (sometimes called Integration and Testing, abbreviated IampT) is the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. System testing of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the systems abidance with its specified requirements. System testing falls within the scope of black box testing, and as such, should require no knowledge of the inner design of the code or logic.In engineering and its various sub disciplines, word meaning testing is a test conducted to determine if the requirements of a specification or contract are met. It may involve chemical tests, physical tests, or performance tests. In systems engineering it may involve black-box testing performed on a system (for example a piece of software, lots of manufactured mechanical parts, or batches of chemical products) prior to its delivery. Software developers often distinguish acceptance testing by the system provider from acceptance testing by the customer (the user or client) prior to accepting transit of ownership.In the case of software, acceptance testing performed by the customer is known as user acceptance testing (UAT), end-user testing, site (acceptance) testing, or field (acceptance) testing. A sample testing cycle Although variations exist between organizations, there is a typical cycle for testing. The sample below is common among organizations employing the Waterfall developm ent model. Requirements analysis Testing should begin in the requirements phase of the software development life cycle.During the design phase, testers work with developers in determining what aspects of a design are testable and with what parameters those tests work. Test planning Test strategy, test plan, testbed creation. Since many activities will be carried out during testing, a plan is needed. Test development Test procedures, test scenarios, test cases, test datasets, test scripts to use in testing software. Test execution Testers execute the software based on the plans and test documents then report any errors found to the development team.Test reporting Once testing is completed, testers generate metrics and make final reports on their test effort and whether or not the software tested is ready for release. Test result analysis Or Defect Analysis, is done by the development team usually along with the client, in order to decide what defects should be assigned, fixed, reject ed (i. e. found software working properly) or deferred to be dealt with later. Defect Retesting Once a defect has been dealt with by the development team, it is retested by the testing team.AKA Resolution testing. Regression testing It is common to have a small test program built of a subset of tests, for each integration of new, modified, or fixed software, in order to ensure that the latest delivery has not ruined anything, and that the software product as a whole is still working correctly. Test Closure Once the test meets the exit criteria, the activities such as capturing the key outputs, lessons learned, results, logs, documents related to the project are archived and used as a reference for future projects.Types of Performance testing Stress testing (sometimes called torture testing) is a form of deliberately intense or thorough testing used to determine the stability of a given system or entity. Usability testing is a technique used in user-centered interaction design to ev aluate a product by testing it on users. Volume testing refers to testing a software application with a certain amount of data. This amount can, in generic terms, be the database size or it could also be the size of an interface file that is the subject of leger testing.Maintenance testing is a test that is performed to either identify equipment problems, diagnose equipment problems or to confirm that repair measures have been effective. When it comes to quality management, IT organisations can take a leaf out of industrys book. thank to the success of companies like Toyota and Motorola, methods such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma are gaining rapid popularity. And with good reason. Quality is a good generator of money, and lots of it. Unlike industry, IT has no physical chain.This makes it more difficult at first to be able to take concrete steps towards the implementation of quality management. besides the parallels are easily drawn. Regard a satisfied end user a s the combining weight of a spic end product, a carefully conceived system of applications as the equivalent of a silken production line and so forth. And similar to industry, things can go wrong in any aspect. The faultless implementation of processes leads to significant savings (and not forgetting satisfied end users). What should you focus on to set up quality management for IT within your own organisation and subsequently make money?The service honor strategy Organise a strategy of service excellence for the internal IT services, where the optimisation of service to end users receives top priority. After all, poor quality leads to high repair costs. Especially in IT. Resolving incidents costs money (direct costs). And the indirect costs, such as loss of productivity are, though often unobserved, several times these direct costs. Focus on management and service processes The focus within IT is often on the projects and the functionalities of the systems.But to ensure service excellence, the performance of management and service processes are equally important. If these processes are substandard, it could result in a lack of clarity, unnecessary waiting times and in the worst case scenario to malfunctions. A recapitulation of processes is vital to prevent these discomforts and reduce relevant costs. Measure the effect of failure and errors The effect of failure and errors at the workplace is rarely measured. Organisations often have no idea how much these mistakes are cost them and what the consequences are for the service to their clients.The costs of incidents and malfunctions are easy to calculate by using a few simple rules of thumb. When you do this regularly, it will become clear for everyone where savings can be realised (read how much money can be made). This will suddenly put the investments made towards achieving higher quality in an unaccompanied new perspective. Use simple, service-oriented KPIs The moment you have insight into what caus es the direct and indirect failure and error costs, its a small step to define a number of simple and service-oriented KPIs.These KPIs can form the guidepost for measuring and improving service quality. Examples of such KPIs are * The average number of incidents per employee * The percentage of incidents resolved during the first contact with the helpdesk (the so-called first-time right principle) * The percentage of incidents caused by incorrectly implemented changes. Implement a measurement methodology Improvements within a quality system happen on the basis of facts. The collection of facts takes place through measurements within the operational processes, on the basis of preselected metrics (e. . the number of complaints). The key performance indicators (KPIs) show whether a specific objective has been achieved, for example a desired decline in the number of complaints, expressed in percentages. Dont overestimate the power of ITIL ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) is a collectio n of best practices for the structuring of operational processes. Many companies have implemented ITIL in an effort to make their service more professional. ITIL lets you lay a good foundation to make the IT service more professional. But beware it is no quality methodology.It might be good for defining IT processes, but offers no scope for actual improvement. So you will need a separate quality methodology in addition to ITIL. Most organisations require a drastic improvement in the quality of their IT services. Perhaps the realisation that this wont be costing any money, but will instead generate it, offers the incentive needed to set to work seriously on the issue. The end result means two birds with one stone a service-oriented IT company that keep backs costs, and an IT company that truly supports the end users in carrying out their activities optimally.The Importance of Quality Improvement in Your Business guess A career in the business industry requires you to be tough and f lexible. Business is a difficult venture. You have to make your way through and outperform competitors. Businesses nowadays have also gone global. You have to compete with other business entities from the world over. Because of the tough competition in the business scenes, getting the attention and the trust of customers has become increasingly difficult. This is where quality improvement comes in. Quality plays a vital role in any business.Consumers want the best and want to pay the lowest possible price for products that are of the greatest quality. Moreover, quality is also one of the main components of being able to stay in the game scorn the competition around you. Constant quality improvement is important in keeping you afloat. This has to do with eliminating or reducing the losses and waste in the production processes of any business. Quality improvement most often involves the analysis of the performance of your business, products, and services and finding ways to further i mprove them. There are certain techniques that can help you in achieving quality improvement.Knowing these steps can lead you to improved quality in your business. Benchmarking or comparing your company to the best or the top of the field will also be beneficial. You have to identify what makes an organization or company the best and why the consumers want to purchase these products or services. Compare the quality and cost of their products with yours. Also include the processes that use to produce them. This can help you in looking for your own business factors that you have to improve upon for success. Setting up your own internal quality checks is important. You have to ensure that in ach step of making your product, you are meeting the standards of the industry and also providing your customers with the best products. This needs to be done with the least amount of waste and as few resources as possible. You need to be rigid about following the quality checks that your company h as put forth. This will save you from having to deal with returned items and products. It also helps in guaranteeing the satisfaction of your customers. You need to assess your own production and your products. You need to know if these have passed the international standards on quality for the respective industry you do business in.Moreover, measure how your product is doing against others in the market. These are important in order to know what aspects you have to improve. You cannot afford to be grant when assessing. You need to be honest and blunt when gauging your own company. This will help you in finding needs for improvement. After assessing, you have to take the steps in making the necessary changes that will lead you to improvement. You may need to change your quality policy or do more research about your products and provide better features.You may also need to conduct training for your employees in order to update them with new methods in your processes. Quality improve ment is not just a one-time process. It needs to be continued disdain the success that a company or organization is appreciating. Competitors will always try their best to scramble you. And so, you have to continue on improving your products and services in order to offer more to your clients. This will not only lead you to more sales but also to a better personality in the industry. Keep in mind that it is often more work to stay on top than to get to the top