Friday, May 31, 2019

Global Warming Essay -- Environment Climate Change

spherical Warming and The EnvironmentGlobal warming is a term used to describe a gradual increase in the comely temperature of the Earths atmosphere and its oceans (All About Global Warming, 2007, para.1). There is no doubt this is an important matter that will impact planet acres for many years to come. Global warming is a critical issue that impacts the entire world and the potential consequences caused by it will have a negative impact if merciful parcel is not reduced. Although many people disagree with the causes and outcomes, there is certainly enough information available to support the argument. At this time, global warming is said to be a crisis with carbon and emissions of Co2 being made out to be the culprit (Turpin, 2007, p.30). These are just two of the multiple human contributions that add to the cause. The birth between human effect and the signifi ratt impact on the environment are in relation with the respect to global warming. It is not necessarily the human need or desire to drive heavy weapon guzzling vehicles, littering the earth, or to cut down precious trees to destroy the environment, but the need of those on earth to be wasteful and destructive.Another factor to consider in the contribution is that livestock are also responsible for 18% of green house gas (methane and nitrous oxide) world wide ? more then all the planes, trains and automobiles on the planet (Turpin, 2007, p30). In addition to the natural causes of global warming, humans also fulfill a significant part in the contribution. Although little can be done to reverse the damage that is already apparent, there are many habits that can be changed by those living on this earth to slow down the process, outside of the natural causes.Some o... ...007). All About Global Warming. Retrieved April 11, 2008, from http//www.livescience.com/globalwarming/NASA Top Story. (2003). late Warming of Arctic May Affect Worldwide Climate. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from http//www.nasa.go v/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html. New York Times.(2008). Global Warming. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from http//topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierSpecies Extinctions. (2007). Species Extinctions still rising, experts warn. Retrieved April 11, 2008, from http//www.msnbc.msn.msn.com/id/20738173/Turpin, J. (2007). Is Carbon the Culprit? tonal pattern conditioning Heating & Refridgeration. Retrieved April 11,2008, from http//wf2dnvr3.webfeat.org/fvVkJ13/url=http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=5&hid=16&sid=ac7d44ab-7544-4b7c-9bda-9eafea0d9398%40sessionmgr107

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Inventor Project April 1, 1996 Albert Einstein :: essays research papers fc

Inventor Project April 1, 1996 Albert Einstein     My name is Albert Einstein. I was born on abut 14, 1879 in Ulm,Germany. I was not an inventor in the conventional sense. I was a physicistand theorist. My inventions were not tangible things, but ideas I put on report cardand may later on have led to inventions. I was not a good student in school. Idid not pay solicitude to teachers because I found their lectures and teachingsboring. Often I would skip class to go study physics on my own. By the age oftwelve I had taught myself euclidian Geometry, and slowly beginning to developemy own theories in physics.     My first theoretical paper was on Brownian motion. The paper discussedthe significant predictions I made about particles that are haphazard distributedin a fluid. My next paper was on the photoelectric effect, which contained arevolutionary hypothesis on the nature of light. I proposed that under certain destiny light can be consider ed as consisting of particles, and I alsohypothesized that energy carried by any light particle, called a photon, isproportional to the frequency of the radiation. The formula for this is E=hv,where E is the radiation, h is a universal constant known as Plancks constant,and v is the frequency of the radiation. This proposal, that the energycontained within a light beam is transferred by individual units, or quanta,contradicted the hundred year old tradition of considering light as amanifestation of continuous processes.     My third and most impotant paper, "On the Electrodynamics of lamentableBodies", contained what has become known as the special theory of relativity.Since the time of Sir Issac Newton, scientists had been trying to understandthe nature of matter and radiation, and how they interacted in some unifiedworld picture. The mail service that mechanical laws are fundamental has becomeknown as the mechanical world view, and the position that e lectrical laws arefundamental has become known as the electromagnetic world view. Neitherapproach, however, is capable of providing a consistent explanation for the wayradiation and matter interact when viewed from different inertial frames ofreference, that is, an interaction viewed concurrently by an observer at restand an observer moving at unifrom speed.     In the Spring of 1905 after considering these capers for ten years, Irealized that the crux of the problem lay not in a theory of matter but in atheory of measuerment. At the heart of my special theory of relativity was therealization thet all measurements of time and space depend on judgments as to

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

America Must Reduce the Size of Government :: Political Science

Everyone wants to live at the expense of the state. They forget the state wants to live at the expense of everyone.Frederic BastiatIntroductionStates inhabit at the expense of their citizens, who are not aware of the price they pay. Although people tend to view states as indispensable institutions to promote equality, provide security, and protect frequent goods they often overlook their sacrifice of liberty and economic well-being due to government interference. Forms of states varyliberal democratic states, welfare states, communist states etc. passim the world but their artificial nature is the same states just emerged through the consent of all the citizens. Nevertheless, states do not function by a companionable contract instead, the few who are in power usually make decisions for all. In fact, people are frequently misled to justify taxationbelieving that states spread wealth, thus creating equality through this process. However, redistribution does not necessarily mean tr ansferring wealth from the rich to the poor. Moreover, government interference in the free market usually only hurts the economydespite some economists promoting state actions during economic downturns. Only through advocating grassroots associations, paying attention to future interests, and improving literacy and access to popular belles-lettres can people realize their economic and governmental sacrifices to the state.1. The Formation of StatesThe concept of state is closely related to social contract thought. The social contract schooling of thought originated from the classic seventeenth-and-eighteenth-century political theories of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, who tried to explain the origins of civic community and political authority. Although social contract theorists differ in their conceptions of the state of nature and the political structure under the contract, they all agree on one point the social obligation must be willingly buy uped by individuals. harmonise to the social contract school of thought, the statethe civic community and political authorityis the result of individuals voluntary move from their state of nature, in which each serviceman is sovereign and self-sufficient, to a social order, where they submit themselves to a political authority in return for protection and equality.To answer the question of why individuals tend to accept the agreement and obey the state, Thomas Hobbes, the first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory, believes that states can provide equality by equally treating their citizens.1interestingly enough, Hobbes model of state as an authority overruling all the subjects still applies to our modern society today. What Hobbes overlooked though, as John Locke pointed out, was the reduced liberty of individuals.

Division Between Ancient and Modern Science Essay -- Religion Philosop

partitioning Between Ancient and Modern Science IntroductionPower has played a significant role in the need of scientific progress, specifically in comparing modern light and antediluvian attainment. Power-seekers have been greatly attracted to scientific pursuits, seeking monetary, life-giving or glory-earning ends. In superannuated science the lure of health, wealth, and fadeless life charmed many an alchemist to the poorhouse, madness, or an untimely death (Coudert 35), while modern society itself has embraced scientific development with a similar fervor. Amidst many similarities, the falling out between antediluvian patriarch and modern science is enormous and has frequently left historians puzzled. Although it is clear to historians that the stagnant science of ancient time developed into the modern scientific pursuit in the 17th century, it is not clear what specifically caused this revolution of scientific thought.This essay will discuss differences in motives which have driven ancient and modern science, arguing that 17th century alterations of power structures led to the ultimate division between modern and ancient science and the eruption of modern science as it is today. Comparisons will be drawn regarding cognition accessibility, prevailing philosophies and ideologies, and the relationship between science and the church.Knowledge Accessibility ancient secrets vs. modern community knowledgeTo begin, a major shift in scientific thinking arrived with the dawn of the printing press and the new-found accessibility of knowledge. Alchemy was from its origins a secret art (Roberts 66) cover was an absolute necessity in early science when a powerful recipe or method had been discovered, as much(prenominal) knowledge was a worth(predicate) commodit... ...Read, John. through Alchemy to Chemistry A Procession of Ideas & Personalities. London G. Bell, 1957.Roberts, Gareth. The Mirror of Alchemy Alchemical Ideas and Images in Manuscripts and Books From Antiquity to the seventeenth Century. Buffalo U. of Toronto, 1994.Yearly, Steven. Science, Technology, and Social Change. capital of Massachusetts Unwin Hyman, 1988. Works ConsultedSazlberg, Hugh W. From Caveman to Chemist Circumstances and Achievements. Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society, 1991.Sirvin, Nathan. Chinese Alchemy Preliminary Studies. Cambridge Harvard, 1968.Thorndike, Lynn. History of Magic & observational Science. Vol. 1 New York Colombia, 1964.Waite, Arthur E. Alchemists Through the Ages. Blauvelt, N.Y. Rudolf Steiner, 1970.Wilson, David A. Alchemy Creating Gold From Base Metal. Black Mountain, N.C. Lorien House, 1988. Division Between Ancient and Modern Science Essay -- Religion PhilosopDivision Between Ancient and Modern Science IntroductionPower has played a significant role in the motivation of scientific progress, specifically in comparing modern science and ancient science. Power-seekers have been greatly attracted to scientific pur suits, seeking monetary, life-giving or glory-earning ends. In ancient science the lure of health, wealth, and eternal life charmed many an alchemist to the poorhouse, madness, or an untimely death (Coudert 35), while modern society itself has embraced scientific development with a similar fervor. Amidst many similarities, the rift between ancient and modern science is enormous and has frequently left historians puzzled. Although it is clear to historians that the stagnant science of ancient times developed into the modern scientific pursuit in the 17th century, it is not clear what specifically caused this revolution of scientific thought.This essay will discuss differences in motives which have driven ancient and modern science, arguing that 17th century alterations of power structures led to the ultimate division between modern and ancient science and the eruption of modern science as it is today. Comparisons will be drawn regarding knowledge accessibility, prevailing philosophie s and ideologies, and the relationship between science and the church.Knowledge Accessibility ancient secrets vs. modern community knowledgeTo begin, a major shift in scientific thinking arrived with the dawn of the printing press and the new-found accessibility of knowledge. Alchemy was from its origins a secret art (Roberts 66) secrecy was an absolute necessity in early science when a powerful recipe or method had been discovered, as such knowledge was a valuable commodit... ...Read, John. Through Alchemy to Chemistry A Procession of Ideas & Personalities. London G. Bell, 1957.Roberts, Gareth. The Mirror of Alchemy Alchemical Ideas and Images in Manuscripts and Books From Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century. Buffalo U. of Toronto, 1994.Yearly, Steven. Science, Technology, and Social Change. Boston Unwin Hyman, 1988. Works ConsultedSazlberg, Hugh W. From Caveman to Chemist Circumstances and Achievements. Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society, 1991.Sirvin, Nathan. Chinese Alc hemy Preliminary Studies. Cambridge Harvard, 1968.Thorndike, Lynn. History of Magic & Experimental Science. Vol. 1 New York Colombia, 1964.Waite, Arthur E. Alchemists Through the Ages. Blauvelt, N.Y. Rudolf Steiner, 1970.Wilson, David A. Alchemy Creating Gold From Base Metal. Black Mountain, N.C. Lorien House, 1988.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

COLD MOUNTAIN Essay -- essays research papers

COLD MOUNTAINThe story of "Cold Mountain" is a best selling overbold and it is the first concur written by Charles Frazier. It took years of research before he could write this novel.The plot of Cold Mountain is really and old idea, in fact it is an ancient one. The plot is the same as the one in an ancient book by Homer. The story I am referring to is "The Odyssey". The Odyssey is a book about a wounded soldier trying to find his way back home and his sweetheart, Penelope that is waiting for his return. Cold Mountain is the story of a wounded Confederate soldier that was wounded, deserts, and begins a journey back to his home in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina, Cold Mountain.The plot of the book has deuce parallel stories. The first part of the plot is about a man named Inman. Inman is a Confederate soldier that is wounded in Virginia and spends several months in a hospital. After sneaking out of the hospital, he starts on his journey back home to his s weetheart, Ada. His odyssey is his long journey back to the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. What makes is journey so interesting is the many people he comes in contact with along the way.Some of the people Inman comes in contact with are kind to him. They invest him a place to stay and sometimes even a hot meal. Some of the other characters arent so kind to him. The Civil War is still raging...

COLD MOUNTAIN Essay -- essays research papers

COLD MOUNTAINThe story of "Cold Mountain" is a best selling novel and it is the first book written by Charles Frazier. It took eld of research before he could write this novel.The plot of Cold Mountain is really and old idea, in fact it is an ancient one. The plot is the same as the one in an ancient book by Homer. The story I am referring to is "The Odyssey". The Odyssey is a book somewhat a wounded soldier assay to find his way back home and his sweetheart, Penelope that is waiting for his return. Cold Mountain is the story of a wounded Confederate soldier that was wounded, deserts, and begins a journey back to his home in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina, Cold Mountain.The plot of the book has two parallel stories. The first part of the plot is about a man named Inman. Inman is a Confederate soldier that is wounded in Virginia and spends several months in a hospital. After sneaking out of the hospital, he starts on his journey back home to his sweethe art, Ada. His odyssey is his long journey back to the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. What makes is journey so interesting is the many people he comes in contact with along the way.Some of the people Inman comes in contact with are kind to him. They give him a place to stay and sometimes counterbalance a hot meal. Some of the other characters arent so kind to him. The Civil War is still raging...

Monday, May 27, 2019

Project Management – the Importance of the Planning Process

An individual assignment under the topic drift Management the Importance of the proviso Process Teacher Maria do Sacramento Basilio Student 2012 Beja Content Content2 Introduction4 bewilder Management5 The Life Cycles of dates7 PLANNING PROCESS8 Project Plan Elements11 Project Control13 Project Termination14 Conclusion16 Literature17 Introduction Each giving medications employment in its own way contri onlyes to organizations goals. It is not al ways easy to assess the impact of the work or the decision to extend to these objectives in the context of a complex organization of activities.Common to assume that what unites only the organizations processes to the general population and focus their endeavours on a nail downd term direction, is a strategy. Project work is one of the extraordinary wariness forms. Each frame is progressing to a certain stage, which is c eached the travail cargoner cycle. Despite the widely different names fire be said that solely ensures a tomic number 18 characterized by four main phases initiation, homework, realization, finishing. An object of the Project the planning process. The aim to analize the essential protrude of Project manners cycle planning process.My essay volition consists of two parts. In the head start part I am going to introduce the Project Management and Project Life Cycle, in the second part of the ejection I will analyse the planning process and will tally a conclussion about its importance. Project Management In order to understand render instruction, one mustiness(prenominal) begin with definition of a project. A project screwing be considered to be any series of activities and tasks that * Have a specific objective to be completed within certain specifications * Have defined start and repeal dates * Have funding limits Consume picks (money, people, equipment) Project management, on the early(a) hand, involves project planning ant project observe and includes such items as Pro ject planning * Definition of work requirements * Definition of quantity and quality work * Definition of mental imagerys needed Project monitoring * Tracking progress * Comparing actual solvent to predicted outcome * Analyzing impact * Making adjustments sure-fire project management can then be defined as having achieved the project objectives * indoors sentence * Within cost * At the desired performance/technology level While utilizing the appoint resources impressively and efficiently * Accepted by the customer The potential benefits from project management are * Identification of single-valued functional responsibilities to ensure that all activities are accounted for, regardless of personal turnover * Minimizing the need for continuous reporting * Identification of time limits for scheduling * Identification of methodology for trade-off analysis * Measurement of accomplishment against plans * Early identification of problems so that corrective action may follow * chan ge estimating capability for future planning Knowing when objectives cannot be met or will be exceeded Unfortunately, the benefits cannot be achieved without overcoming obstacles such as * Project complexity * Customers special requirements * Organizational restructuring * Project risks * Changes in technology * Forward planning and picking Project management can mean different things to different people. quite often, misunderstand the concept beca practice they have ongoing projects within their company and feel that they are using project management to control these activities.In such a case, the hobby might be considered an appropriate definition Project management is the art of creating the illusion that any outcome is the result of a series of predetermined, deliberate acts when, in fact, it was dumb luck. Although this might be the way that some companies are running their projects, this is not project management. Project management is designed to make better use of existing resources by getting work to flow horizontally as well as vertically within the company.This improvement does not really land the vertical, bureaucratic flow of work save simply requires that line organizations talk to another(prenominal) horizontally so work will be accomplished more smoothly throughout the organization. The vertical flow of work is still the responsibility of the line managers. The horizontal flow of work is the responsibility of the project managers, and their primary effort is to communicate and coordinate activities horizontally between the line organizations.The following would be an overview definition of project management Project management is the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of company resources for a relatively short-term objective that has been established to complete specific goals and objectives. Furthermore, project management utilizes the systems approach to management by having functional personnel (the vertical hierarchy) assigned to a specific project (the horizontal hierarchy). The above definition requires further comment. Classical management is usually considered to have pentad functions or principles * Planning Organizing * Staffing * domineering * Directing In the above definition, the staffing function has been omitted. This was intentional because the project manager does not staff the project. Staffing is line responsibility. The project manager has the rigt to request specific resources, but the final decision of what resources will be committed rests with the line managers. Talking about the meaning by a relatively short-term project, not all industries have the same definition for a short-term project.In engineering, the project might be for six months or two years in construction, three to five years in nuclear components, ten years and in insurance, two weeks. Long-term projects, which consume resources full-time, are usually set up as a intermit division (if large enough) or simply as a line organization. The Life Cycles of Projects All organisms have a life cycle. They born, grow, wane, and die. This is true for all living things, for stars and planets, for the products we buy and sell, for our organizations, and for our projects as well.A projects life cycle measures projects completion as a function of either time (schedule) or resources (budget). This is life cycle must be understood because the PMs managerial focus subtly shifts at different stages of the cycle. During the early stages, the PM must make sure that the project plan really reflects the wishes of the client as well as the abilities of the project team and is designed to be consistent with the goals and objectives of the parent firm. As the project goes into the implementation stage of its life cycle, the PMs attention turns to the job of keeping the project on budget nd schedule or, when accident interferes with progress, to negotiating the appropriate trade-offs to correct or minimize the damage. At the end of the project, the PM turns into a fuss-budget to assure that the specifications of the project are truly met, handling all the details of closing out the books on the project, making sure in that location are no loose ends, and that every i is dotted and t crossed. some projects are like building a house. A house-building project starts slowly with a lot of discussion and planning. Then construction begins and progress rapid.When the house is built, but not finished inside, progress appears to slow down and it seemingly takes forever to paint everything, to finish all the trim, and to assemble and install the built-in appliances. Progress is slow-fast-slow, as shown in figure It used to be thought that S-shaped curve of figure represented the life cycle for all projects. While this is true of many projects, there are primary(prenominal) exceptions. This is about the project that approaches completion by a very different route that the tradidtional S-curve, a s shown in this figureTo make a conclusion of the topic about product life cycle, there are two different paths (life cycles) along which projects progress from start to completion. One is S-shaped and the other is J-shaped. It is an pregnant distinction because fall uponing the different life cycles helps the PM to focus attention on appropriate matters to ensure successful project completion. PLANNING PROCESS The most important responsibilities of a project manager are planning, integrating and executing plans. Almost all projects, because of their relatively short duration and often prioritized control of resources, require formal, flesh out planning.The integration of a planning activities is necessary because each functional unit may develop its own planning documentation with little regard for other functional units. Planning, in general, can be best described as the function of selecting the enterprise objectives and establishing the policies, procedures, and programs nec essary for achieving them. Planning in a project milieu may be described as establishing a predetermined course of action within forecasted environment. The projects requirements set the major milestones, and the line managers take to that they can meet them.If the line manager connot commint because the milestones are perceived as unrea inclineic, the project manager may have to develop alternatives, one of which may be to move the milestones. Upper-level management must become involved in the selection of alternatives during the planning stage. Planning is, of course, decision making, since it involves choosing among alternatives. Planning is a required management function to facilitate the comprehension of complex problems involving interacting factors. The project manager is the key to successful project planning.It is desirable that the project manager be involved from project conception through execution. Project planning must be opinionated, flexible enough to handle uniqu e activities, disciplined through reviews and controls, and capable of accepting multifunctional inputs. Successful project managers realize that project planning is an iterative process and must be performed throughout the life of the project. One of the objectives of project planning is to completely define all work required (possibly through the development of a documented project plan) so that will be readily identifiable to each project participant.This is necessity in a project environment because * If the task is well understood prior to beingness performed, much of the work can be preplanned. * If the tas is not understood, the during the actual task execution more knowledge is gained that, in turn, leads to changes in resource allocations, schedules, and priorities. * The more uncertain the task, the greater the amount of information that must be processed in order to ensure effective performance. Without proper planning, programs and projects can start off behind the eigh t ball because of poorly defined requirements during the sign planning phase.Below is a list of the typical consequences of poor planning * Project initiation * Wild enthusiasm * Disillusionment * Chaos * Search for the guilty * penalization of the innocent * Promotion of the nonparticipants * Definition of the requirements Obviously, the definition of the requirements should have been the first step. There are four basic reasons for project planning * To eliminate or snub uncertainty * To improve efficiency of the operation * To obtain a better understanding of the objectives * To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work Planning is decision making based upon futurity.It is a continuous process of making entrepreneurial decisions with an eye to the future, and methodically organizing the effort needed to carry out these decisions. Furthermore, systematic planning allows an organization of set goals. The alternative to systematic planning is decision making based on hi story. This generally results in reactive management steer to crisis management, conflics management, and fire fighting. Effective total program planning cannot be accomplished unless all of the necessary information becomes available ant project initation. These information requirements are * The arguing of work (SOW) The project specifications * The milestone schedule * The work breakdown structure (WBS) The logical argument of work (SOW) is a narrative description of the work to be accomplished. It includes the objectives of the project, a brief description of the work, the funding constraint if one exists, and the specifications and schedule. The schedule is a gross schedule and includes such things as the * Start date * oddity date * Major milestones * Written reports The last major item is the work breakdown structure. The WBS is the breaking down of the statement of work into smaller elements so that better isibility and control will be obtained. Project Plan Elements The project master plan should contain nine elements a project overview, a statement of objectives, a description of the technical and managerial approaches to the work, all contractual agreements, schedules of activities, a list of resource requirements or a project budget, personnel requirements, project evaluation methods, and preparations to meet potential problems. These are the elements that constitute the project plan and the basis for a more detailed planning of the budgets, schedules, work plan and general management of the project.Once this basic plan is fully developed and approved, it is disseminated to all interested parties. I would like to describe each element. * Overview. This is a short summary of the objectives and scope of the project. It is direct to top management and contains a statement of the goals of the project, a brief explanation of their birth to the firms objectives, a description of the managerial structure that will be used for the project, and a list of the major milestones in the project schedule. * Objectives. This contains a more detailed statement of the general goals noted in the overview section.The statement should include profit and competitive aims as well as technical goals. * General approach. This section describes both the managerial and the technical approaches to the work. The technical discussion describes the relationship of the project to available technologies. For example, it might note that this project is an extension of work done by the company for an earlier project. The subsection on the managerial approach takes note of any deviation from routine procedure for instance, the use of subcontractors for some parts of the work. * Contractual aspects.This critical section of the plan includes a complete list and description of all reporting requirements, customer-supplied resources, liaison arrangements, advisory committees, project review and cancellation procedures, proprierty requirements, any specific m anagement agreements, as well as the technical deliverables and their specifications, level-headed transfer schedules, and a specific procedure for changing any of the above. Completeness is a necessity in this section. If in doubt about whether an item should be included or not, the wise planner will include it. * Schedules.This section outlines the various schedules and lists all milestone events. The estimated time for each task should be obtained from those who will do the work. The project master schedule is constructed from these inputs. The responsible person or department head should sign off on the final, agreed-on schedule. * Resources. There are two primary aspects to this section. The first is the budget. Both capital and expense requirements are detailed by task, which makes that a project budget. One-time costs are separated from recurring project costs. Second, cost monitoring and control procedures should be described.In addition to the usual routine elements, the monitoring and control procedures must be designed to cover special resource requirements for the project, such as special machines, test equipment, laboratory usage or construction, logistics, field facilities, and special materials. * Personnel. This section list the expected personnel requirements of the project. Special skills, types of training needed, thinkable recruiting problems, legal or policy restrictions on work force composition, and any other special requirements, such as security clearances, should be noted here.It is helpful to time-phase personnel needs to the project schedule. This makes clear when the various types of contributors are needed and in what numbers. These projections are an important element of the budget, so the personnel, schedule, and resources sections can be cross-checked with one another to ensure consistency. * Evaluation Methods. Every project should be evaluated against standards and by methods established at the projects inception. This sec tion contains a brief description of the procedure to be followed in monitoring, collecting, storing, and evaluating the history of the project. Potential Problems. Sometimes it is difficult to convince planners to make a serious attempt to anticipate potential difficulties. One or more such possible disasters such as subcontractor default, technical failure, strikes, bad weather, sudden required breakthroughs, critical sequences of tasks, tight deadlines, resource limitations, complex coordination requirements, insufficient dictum in some areas, and vernal, complex, or unfamiliar tasks are certain to occur. The only uncertainties are which ones will occur and when.In fact, the timing of these disasters is not ergodic. There are times, conditions, and events in the life of every project when progress depeneds on subcontractors, or the weather, or coordination, or resource availability, and plans to deal with unfavorable contingencies should be developed early in the projects life cycle. Some PMs disdain this section of the plan on the grounds that crises cannot be predicted. Further, they claim to be very effective firefighters. It is quite possible that when one finds such a PM, one has discovered an arsonist.No amount of current planning can solve the current crisis, but preplanning may avert some. Project Control The two fundamental objectives of control are 1. The regulation of results through the alteration of activities. 2. The stewardship of organizational assets. Most discussions of the control function are focused on regulation. Physical Asset Control Physical asset control requires control of the use of physical assets. It is concerned with assets maintenance, whether preventive or corrective.At add also is the timing of maintenance or replacement as well as the quality of maintenance. Physical inventory, whether equipment or material, must also be controlled. It must be received, inspected, and possibly stored prior to use. Records of all incomi ng shipments must be carefully validated so that payment to suppliers must also be use to suppliers from inside the organization. Even such details as the project library, project coffee maker, project room furniture, and all the other minor bits and pieces must be counted, maintained, and conserved.Human Resource Control Stewardship of serviceman resources requires controlling and maintaining the growth and development of people. Projects provide particulary fertile ground for cultivating people. Because projects are unique, differing one from another in many ways, it is possible for people working on projects to gain a wide range of experience in a reasonably short time. Measurement of physical resource saving is accomplished through the familiar audit procedures. The measurement of human resource conservation is familiar audit procedures.The measurement of human resource conservation is far more difficult. Such devices as employee appraisals, personnel performance indices, and screening methods for appointment, promotion, and retention are not particularly satisfactory devices for ensuring that the conservation function is being properly handled. The accounting profession has worked for some years on the development of human resource accounting, and while the effort has produces some interesting ideas, human resource accounting is not well accepted by the accounting profession.Financial Resource Control Though accountants have not succeeded in developing acceptable methods for human resource accounting, their work on techniques for the conservation of financial resources has most certainly resulted in excellent tools for financial control. This is the best developed for the basic areas needing control. It is difficult to separate the control mechanisms aimed at conservation of financial resources from those resources from those focused on regulating resource use. Most financial controls do both.Capital investment controls work to conserve the organization s assets by insisting that certain conditions be met before capital can be expended, and those same conditions usually regulate the use of capital to achieve the organization goal of a high return on investments. The techniques of financial control, both conservation and regulation, are well known. They include current assets controls, and project budgets as well as capital investment controls. These controls are exercised through a series of analyses and audits conducted by the accounting function for the most part.Project Termination As it must to all things, project determination comes to every project. At times, project death is quick and clean, but more often it is a long process. The process of termination is never easy, always complicated, and, as much as we might wish to avoid it, almost always inevitable. The problem is how to accomplish one of the several levels of what is meant by project termination with a minimum of trouble and administrative dislocation. A project can be terminated in one of four ways * by extinction * addition * integration * starvation y Extinction * The project has successfully completed scope and the client has accepted it. * It has been superseded by the extraneous developments like technological advancement, market crisis etc * It has failed to achieve its goal. * It has no longer support from the Senior Management. It is also sometimes referred to as termination by execution. The important point to notice is that all project activity ceases in this kind of termination. by Addition * The project is a major success. It becomes the formal part of the parent organization. The transition or transfer of the resources such as the project personnel, materials and equipment to the newly created unit within the parent organization. by Integration * The project is successfully completed. The project product is integrated to the operations of the client. This is the most common mode and most complex operation. The resources are rele ased and disturbuted in the parent organization. by Starvation * The project is terminated by budget decrement. * It is also known as withdrawal of life support. The reason of this termination is generally to shadow the failure of non-accomplishment of the goals.This can save face of the senior management and avoid embarrassment. The Project last(a) Report incorporates the process knowledge gained from the Project. In addition to preservation of Project records, the Final Report embodies the experience from which we learn. It should include Project performance comments, administrative performance comments, organizational structure comments, personnel suggestions, possibly a confidential section. Conclusion Project planning is probably the most time-consuming project management activity.Project planning continues from the initial idea through to the system delivery. Plans must be regulary updated using the new available information. There are many techniques for developing a project plan. They are fundamentally similar. All of them use a systematic analysis to identify and list the things that must be undertaken in order to achieve the projects abjectives, to test and validate the plan and to deliver it to user. Planning is an essential function in the success of any project. Planning does not refer simply to pulling out a calendar and recording things to do on random dates.Planning is all about actively plotting a course to meeting goals. Goals are really the start of any discussion about planning in a successful project. Literature 1. Harold Kerzner Project Management. A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling sixth edition 2. Samuel J. Mantel Jr. Jack R. Meredith, Scott M. Shafer, Margaret M. Sutton Project Management in do second edition 3. Jack R. Meredith, Samuel J. Mantel Project Management. A Managerial approach third edition 4. V. Buda, A. Chmieliauskas Projektu valdymas 2006

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Japanese Medical Beliefs Essay

Nipponese Medical Beliefs Medicine is all around us. It comes in all forms and all fictional characters of beliefs. Each soul has their own beliefs on what medicine sack do to or for the soundbox. No matter what country one visits, in that respect allow be a checkup office to assist, however their purviews may vary that what one may be use to. In lacquer, things are no different however, Japan has well-nigh beliefs that communication channel other countries. The Japanese has received influence from other countries, such as the Chinese, but they have turn everything into their own.They have their own superstitions, traditional medicine (including how they view mod medical needs), and different types of occurrent trends that they follow. Every country has its own superstitions. Certain things that are not allowed to happen on certain days or even certain things must be kept away because of its meanings. In 1998, an experiment was done to see if the Japanese was using the Taian-Butsumetsu superstition when discharging patients. The basis of the choose was To determine the influence of superstition nigh Taian (a lucky day)-Butsumetsu (an unlucky day) on decision to leave hospital.To estimate the costs of the effect of this superstition (Hira, Fukui, Endoh, Rahman, & Maekawa, 1998). They took figures from patients discharged from Kyoto University hospital from the beginning of April 1992 to the end of March of 1995, 3 years worth of patients. In the Japanese world, the Taian-Butsumetsu belief is relate to the six day lunar calendar and affects the Japanese culture in a variety of ways since the Taian is suppose to be a lucky day where as the Butsumetsu is supposed to mean unlucky.Due to this superstition, some patients have asked to extend their stay so that they freighter be released on the following Taian day, which means more costs to the hospitals. To get the most accurate data, they utilise hospital records and calculated the amount of days that patients were released on each day of the six lunar cycle, and then estimated the costs that the extension brought on to the hospital. They also took into experimental condition the patients age and gender. The results showed that Of the 23677 patients discharged from the Kyoto University Hospital during the study period, 12613 (53. %) were female and 11064 (46. 7%) were male. The mean number of discharged patients was 21. 6 a day with the mean age 42. 3 years and the mean hospital stay 37. 1 days. The mean number, age, and hospital stay of discharged patients were highest on Taian and lowest on Butsumetsu. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant deflexion among the days of this cycle regarding the mean number, age, and hospital stay of discharged patients (Hira, Fukui, Endoh, Rahman, & Maekawa, 1998). Reports also showed that 3. 3% of the discharged patients adjusted their discharge date due to their belief in Taian.It goes on to state the estimation that the mean of a t ypical hospital charge was 12 600 yen a day. The extra charges the patients cause the hospital to incur in order to stay to the next Taian, amount to 7. 4 million yen a year all due to a superstition. If the patients would have shorted their stay to a prior Taian, there could have been a savings of roughly 12. 1 million yen. Another superstition for the Japanese is blood line type. According to superstitions, your blood type can tell your temperament and personality.A man named Furukawa Takeji suggested a link between the two after imparting in a high take and observing the temperamental differences between applicants. His theory suggests that type A were generally mild tempered and intellectual, while blood types B were opposite (Thatcher). This superstition has influenced the Japanese so much that some companies have actually grouped their workforce together depending on their blood type. In the 1920s and 30s blood type grew more intriguing. Scientists in the west found that ty pe B was common in Asia, but rare in Caucasians.As type B was typical in animals, they argued that Asians were inferior, lower on the evolutionary scale. Japan does have some forms of traditional medicine. They are dominated to have independent licensees for Kampo, acupuncture, moxibustion, and anma-massage-shiatsu. Kampo is only commensurate to be performed by physicians with western medical doctors license. Acupuncture and moxibustion can be given by a person graduated from major(postnominal) high school and later completed a 3 year education at one of the educational facilities specified.Acupuncture, moxibustion and anma are classified within the manakin of the Japanese medical care system (Katai). Of these, Kampo seems to be the most widely used in Japan. Kampo medicine is widely practiced and is fully included into their modern healthcare system. The word Kampo means Han Method, which refers to Chinas herbal system which developed in the Han dynasty. It was used in ancient China but is believed that Kampo came to Japan from Korea in the 5th or 6th century. In 1976, it was added to Japans national health insurance plan.Although it relies on herb formulas, it uses acupuncture, moxibustion and a few other components. 70 share of physicians in Japan regularly prescribe it to their patients (Tanaka, 2010). It has been used by gynecologists, urologists, cardiologists and even gastrointestinal specialists. In order to determine the right formula for each patient, they require a sho. This is a diagnosis based on patients symptoms and patterns of disease. In 2007 Japans Society of Oriental Medicine issued an evidence underwrite which shows all the findings of the research published from 1999-2005. 8 papers were deemed qualified. Some double blind showings were, Hypertension related symptoms (flashed faces, etc. ) The administration of Ourengedokuto (Huang Lian Jie Du Tang) decreased hypertension related symptoms (Muli-center study of 116 facilities) Upper Ga stric Symptoms Rikkunshito (Liu Jun Zi Tang) was effective in decreasing upper GI discomfort and related complaints, such as a lack of appetite. tetchy Bowel Syndrome Administration of Keishikashakuyakuto (Gui Zhi Jia Shao Yao Tang) decreased abdominal pain among IBS patients.The effects were more pronounced among diarrhoea-dominant IBS cases. Muscle Cramping Shakuyakukanzouto (Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang) was effective for reducing muscle cramping among cirrhosis patients. Obesity 24 weeks of administering Bofutsuseisan (Fang Feng Tong Sheng San) decreased visceral fats and waist circle, as well as improved insulin resistance among obese female patients. Allergic Rhinitis Shouseiryuto (Xiao Qing Long Tang) was effective in improving symptoms of allergic rhinitis (Tanka, 2010).Another form of traditional medicine is Acupuncture and Shiatsu massage. Acupuncture is where passing thin needles are gently placed in certain areas of your be. It can be uses to assistance balance the flow of energy through pathways in the body or can be used to stimulate nerves, muscles and tissue. It can be a more natural way of making the body feel better, without medication. Shiatsu is a massage that is used to unloosen batch. The massage therapist uses hand, thumbs, elbows and knees to help dig into the more knotted areas of the body. It is an acupressure therapy.By using these additional parts of the body, they can use their whole body to endure more pressure onto the person in order to offset tension. The difference between acupuncture and acupressure is that acupuncture uses needles, where as acupressure uses body part to dig into the tissue. Some people do not truly understand the alternative ways. The biggest misconception about alternative medicine is that its just a different procedurethat one can just replace it with conventional medicine, like taking an herb instead of a pill. (Gray 2009). The Japanese also has brawny views on medical beliefs.Things such as organ transp lants are strongly discouraged due to Japans belief. In 1987, the Medical Association declared brain expiry to be equivalent to the death of a human being (Masahiro, 1995). Some Japanese doctors practice closed-door medicine, which is where the doctor fails to properly inform patients about their condition or straight out lies to them about it. A study in 1992 showed that only 20% of terminal cancer patients knew they had cancer because of the doctors decision to inform them on the truth. This shows that 80% of patients were lied to or told nothing. Masahiro, 1995) Due to this, Through the brain death controversy quite a few people expressed great fear that in the process of the determination of brain death and transplantation no information might be given to family members, and in the worst case that the doctors might lie to family members. Some pointed out the possibility that doctors might psychologically threaten the family members if they refuse to agree to organ donations fro m a brain- out of work relative. As time passed, it appeared that Japan accepted modern technology in almost every form except human birth and death.Research has shown that they believed a dead person goes to the next world as a soul. If parts of that body were to be donated, then body as a whole would not be together, thus making the soul unhappy in the next world. The Japanese has however become more provideing to use terms such as informed consent or patients rights. It appears as if Japans beliefs will simply be based off of their own cultural beliefs, as oppose to something such as the Euro-American beliefs. Due to the fast paced living in Japan, they have begun trends to help ease the stressed out society and bring forth relaxation.They have opened atomic number 8 bars, nap salons and animal therapy. In oxygen bars, you can have personal flavored oxygen cans that can help bring you energy and provide fresh air. You can also purchase them at salons and beauty halls. The canis ters, such as Big Oxs helpfully informs that oxygen is an essential gas for human beings and claims that its 89 per cent oxygen blend (normal air contains about 21 per cent) can help boost energy, particularly during exercise (Feelgood, 2008). In recent years, major cities in Japan have opened nap salons. A particular salon in Tokyo, Napia has over 1,500 members.Fatigued office workers can take a brief lunchtime nap on a daybed there for roughly equivalent of $4. 50 (US). Sleep studies have shown that their naps should not go beyond 30 minutes because it is then more likely for them to fall into a deep sleep and end up waking up feeling extremely groggy. To help ensure that customers do not sleep beyond 30 minutes, they provide customers with coffee right before their nap. Since it generally take 20 minutes for the caffein to kick in, they can get a quick nap in, then the caffeine will kick in and allow the person to have a more natural wake up (Faiola, 2006).Some Japanese compani es have even gotten their health insurance providers to cover the fees for nap salons. If they have not succeeded in that route, they simply take naps at their desk during lunchtime. This way they are not only getting their nap in but the office lights are being turned off which is saving energy. In Japan, bathing in mineral pees is popular as a health-promotion practice. (Miller, 2007) Onsen, which is a earnest spring, is in their belief to be opposite of everything in their normal crazy lifestyle.It represents an opportunity for the Japanese to melt down the hierarchical nature of society through mutual nakedness and stuffiness (Onsen, 2006-7). It is pretty much a prevalent bath with natural hot spring water for them to use in order to relax from their hectic work schedules. It is their belief that the water holds healing powers. There are a few different types of hot springs Simple Springs, Carbonate Springs, Salt Springs, Sodium Sulfate Springs, branding iron Springs, Acidic Springs, Sulfur Springs and Radium Hot Springs. Most people sit back quietly and enjoy the silence that surrounds them while bathing for roughly 20-30 minutes. The extremely acid hot spring Onsen water is believed to ease neuralgia, alleviate muscle pain and the symptoms of chronic skin disease. It also relieves chronic fatigue and stress. Since ancient times, Onsen water has been renowned to help maintain a beautiful skin. In addition to its other health and beauty benefits, the hot springs energize the metabolism. The Onsen experience is also cognize to calm nerves and put the bather in a relaxed, meditative state (Onsen, 2006-7) Unfortunately today there are only triplet hot spring resorts remaining.One is Kusatsu Thermal Spring which is in a small town roughly two and a half hours from Tokyo by direct. It can either be visited for the day, or turned into a mini vacation. If only wanting to spend a day, you can visit one of 18 public hot springs in the town for a quick fix. A nother location is Gero Thermal Spring. It is roughly three and a half hours from Tokyo by train to Nagoya, then about an hour and a half to Gifu, where Gero is located. Here, you can stay at one of the resorts or visit the public springs which allows you to test out three of the twenty.The final is Arima Onsen Thermal Spring. This final spring is roughly three hours from Tokyo then another 30 minutes to Kobe, where Arima is located. This spa is the oldest spa known to the country. Here, there is a public theme park which holds 17 hot springs. Another trend is fish pedicures. At some Onsen Springs, there are spas where you can tumble you feet into the water and have these fish eat the dead skin off your feet. Although they are considered flesh eating they actually have no teeth, meaning that you will not get bitten.They basically suck the dead skin and cells off, leaving your skin silky smooth. No matter what country you look at, each will have its own beliefs on medicine. Some are traditional and some may by alternative. Japan is widely known for having a mixture of each. objet dart receiving influence from other countries, Japan has incorporated other medical approaches into their own. They have their own superstitions, traditional medicine (including how they view modern medical needs), and different types of current trends that they follow.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Is Logic an Art or Science? Essay

INTRODUCTION Logic is the light and machination which expresses the soul in the bit of depth psychology and additional processes as to allow it to accomplish clarity, reliability and strength in that process. To define and arrange our ideas and other mental images, reliability in our conclusiveness and strength in our processes of closing is the basic aim of Logic. The word system of logic has been derived from the Greek word Logos which means reason. Aristotle, the founder of science, assigns it as analytic and the Epicureans surgery the word canonic. that from the time of Cicero, the word logic has been used without exemption to select this science. Definitions of Logic An interesting fact somewhat logic is the science which delights the translation logicians have not determined as to how logic itself should be defined. Here ar some of the definitions of logic The Port Royal Logic The graphics of author in the accomplishment of sockledge for cardinals own lessons and that of others. Hegel defines Logic as Science of clean thought. St Thomas Aquinas says Logic is the science and art which straightens the act of the motive, by which a man in the implementation of his reason is allowed to proceed without mistake, uncertainty or needless complexity. Logic Science or Art Logic is the science of the process of conclusion. What, then, is conclusion? It is that psychological operation which proceeds by merging 2 set forth so as to cause a resulting conclusion. Some suppose that we may understand from one premise by a so-called immediate inference. But one premise can lonesome(prenominal) reproduce itself in another Form, e. g. all men is some animals therefore some animals are men. It requires the combination of at least two premises to infer a conclusion different from both. Aristotle was the creator of logic as a science. But he placed too much pressure on recitation as syllogism or deduction, and on deductive science and he laid too much pres sure on the linguistic study of coherent confabulation into plan and stipulations. These two faults remain embedded in practical logic to this day.But in the course of the growth of the science, logicians have endeavored to correct those faults, and have diverged into two schools. Some have dedicated themselves to initiation from sense and experience and broaden logic till it has become a habitual science of conclusion and very(prenominal) method. Others have dedicated themselves to the psychological compend of reasoning, and have pointed logic into a science of beginning, ruling and interpretation. The conceptual logic presumes that beginning always leads judgment just now the reality is that sensory judgment starts and inferential judgment ends by earlier commencement.The supposed triple orderconception, ruling, analysisis flawed and fake. The genuine order is timber and sensory ruling, formation, remembrance and memorial judgment, skill and observed judgment, conclusion, in ferential termination, inferential formation. This is not all inferential formations are insufficient, and lastly not succeed. They are oftentimes symbolical that is, we think one thing only by another like it, e. g. atoms by tiny bodies not nearly small enough. Often the agency is not like.What idea can the physicist form of interspatial ether? What believer in God imagines to envisage Him as tie really is? We consider many things that we cannot imagine as Mill said, the unthinkable is not the unbelievable and the point of science is not what we can imagine but what we should consider on evidence. Formation is the weakest decision is the strongest power of mans mind. Intellect before conception is the business lineal cause of decision and conclusion from sense allows decision to carry on afterward conception stops.Finally, as there is decision without conception, so there is conception without decision. The main purpose of logic is to direct us how out of decisions to structu re the conclusion indicated by conversation and this is one point which conceptual logic has given to the science of conclusion. But why mess up the additional intellectual analysis of inference by assuming that conceptions are elements of decision and therefore of inference, which thus becomes just a composite mixture of conceptions, an addition of ideas?The mistake has been to convert collar process of mind into three procedures in a fixed orderconception, decision, conclusion. Conception and decision are judgments conclusion alone is a process, from decisions to decision, from judgments to judgment. Sense, not conception, is the origin of judgment. Conclusion is the procedure which from decisions about sensible things proceeds to judgments about things alike to rational things. Though some formations are its surroundings and some decisions its sources, conclusion itself in its inference causes many more decisions and formations.Finally, inference is an extension, not of ideas, b ut of beliefs, at first about existing things, after-wards about ideas, and even about words about anything in short about which we think, in what is too fancifully called the universe of discourse. white-tie logic has occurred out of the constriction of conceptual logic. The science, of inference no incertitude has to agree mainly with recognized truth or the steadiness of premises and closing. Real and formal, is a reliable, official rule of reliability becoming authentic rules of truth, when the premises are correct the stable conclusion is therefore true.The science of inference again correctly emphasizes the official thoughts of the syllogism in which the combination of premises connects the conclusion. The question of logic is how we suppose in fact, as well as entirely and we cannot appreciate inference if we believe in inferences of probability of all kinds. The study of analogical and inductive inference is essential to that of the syllogism, because they find out the p remises of syllogism.The proper thinking of syllogism is simply an essential outcome but when its premises are essential principles, its conclusions are not only essential consequents but also essential truths. Hence the mode in which induction assisted by identification finds out unavoidable values must be considered by the logician in order to bother a decision when the syllogism can actually turn up obligatory conclusions. The science of inference has for its subject the appearance, or procedure, of consideration, but not its material or substance.But it does not pursue that it can examine the former without the latter. Formal logicians say, if they had to think the matter, they must also think all things, which would be unfeasible, or choose some, which would be illogical. But there is a transitional option, which is neither unfeasible nor illogical namely, to believe the broad divisions and main beliefs of all things and without this general deliberation of the material the logician cannot know the structure of consideration, which consists in representing inferences about things on these general values.Finally, the science of inference is not certainly the science of feeling, recall and knowledge, but at the similar time it is the science of using those cerebral trading operations as data of conclusion and, if logic does not illustrate how analogical and inductive inferences straightforwardly, and deductive conclusion indirectly, arising from precedent experience, it becomes a science of simple thoughts without knowledge. Logic is committed to all the sciences, because it believes the frequent inferences and changeable methods used in exploring diverse subjects.But it is most intimately connected to the sciences of metaphysics and psychology, which outlines with it a chord of sciences. Metaphysics is the science of being in common, and therefore of the things which turn into objects held by our minds. Psychology is the science of intellect in genera l, and therefore of the psychological process, of which inference is one. Logic is the science of the procedure of inference. These three sciences, the objects of mind, the operations of mind, the processes used in the inferences of mind, are in a different way, but directly related, so that they are frequently perplexed.The genuine point is their interdependence, which is so scrawny that one sign of great philosophy is a reliable metaphysics, psychology and logic. If the ball of things is recognized to be partially material and partially mental, then the mind must have powers of intelligence and conclusion allowing it to know these things, and there must be procedures of conclusion moving us from and further than the sensible to the insensible world of substance and intellect. If the whole world of things is substance, process and procedure of mind are themselves material.If the complete world of things is mind, operations and procedures of mind have only to be old(prenominal) w ith their like all the world over. It is clear then that a mans metaphysics and psychology must color his logic. It is therefore essential to the logician to know earlier the universal difference and values of things in metaphysics, and the mental operations of intelligence, formation, memory and experience in psychology, so as to find out the procedure of inference from experience about things in logic.The interdependence of this chord of sciences has from time to time led to their bewilderment. Hegel, having recognized being with thought, combined metaphysics in logic. But he separated logic into objective and subjective, and thus almost admitted that there is one science of the objects and another of the procedure of thought. Psychologists, seeing that conclusion are a psychological process often manage a theory of conclusion to the disregard of logic. But we have a dual sensory faculty of conclusion.We are aware of it as one operation amongst many, and of its omnipresence, so t o articulate, to all the rest. But we are also aware of the procedure of the operation of inference. To a definite extent this subsequent awareness pertains to other operations for example, we are aware of the process of association by which a variety of mental sources evoke ideas in the mind. But how modest does the psychologist tell the relationship of ideas, evaluated with what the logician has exposed about the procedures of conclusion.The truth is that our main awareness of all psychological operations is scarcely equivalent to our secondary awareness of the processes of the one operation of inference from premises to conclusions infusing long trains and including entire sciences. This complex consciousness of inferential progression is the explanation of logic as a distinct science. But it is not the entire technique of logic, which also and rightly thinks the psychological process essential to language, without replacing linguistic for psychological distinctions.Nor are awar eness and linguistic analysis all the appliances of the logician. Logic has to believe the things we know, the minds by which we know them from intelligence, remembrance and experience to inference, and the sciences which arranges and expands our information of things and having measured these facts, the logician must build such a science of conclusion as will clarify the control and the poverty of human information.Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning. in that respect are objectives criteria with which correct reasoning may be defined. If these criteria are not known then they cannot be used. The aim of the study of logic is to discover and make available those criteria that can be used to test arguments and to sort good arguments from the bad ones. The study of logic is likely to improve the quality of ones reasoning for another reason.It gives the opportunity to practice the analysis of arguments and the evaluation of arguments and the construction of arguments of ones own. With the methods and techniques in logic we can distinguish efficiently among correct and incorrect reasoning.BIBLIOGRAPHY Probability Theory The Logic of Science by E. T. Jaynes http//bayes. wustl. edu/etj/prob/book. pdfsearch=%22Logic%20as%20a%20science%22.

Friday, May 24, 2019

To what extent did Fascist governments rely on fear to stay in power 1933 – 1939?

On January 30th 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. By the mid 1930s he was almost in complete control of Germany and had created a one-party press out. The Nazis maintain power from 1933-1939 not only because of fear but because of a combination of reasons. Their consolidation of power played a vital post as did their large lack of opposition and as well as their popular policies that appealed to a wide band of Germans. After being appointed chancellor of Germany, Hitler found himself in a very weak position.Out of the twelve ministers in the cabinet only two were members of the Nazis. alike, the Nazis did not control a majority of the Reichstag they had only gained 33% in the November 1932 elections. And fin all toldy, President Hindenburg who had appointed Hitler as Chancellor could dismiss him at any time. The Nazis relied on terror considerably to maintain their regime. The Gestapo were the official secret practice of law of Germany they were in charge of den unciations. They taught German citizens to spy on their neighbours and report anything that seemed unusual.The Gestapo would act even if there was no valid evidence. They could arrest anyone they wished and even communicate them to concentration camps. This made many Germans fear the Gestapo. The SS were a protective squadron for the Nazis. They were able to keep special prisoners under protective custody. Thousands of Germans were sent to concentration camps. The SS also acted as prison officers at concentration camps, effectively running them. The SS were used to take charge of the programme of genocide against the Jews.Throughout Germany, many people were dismayed that the persecution of the Jews would happen to them. Jewish shops were boycotted, Jews were barred from teaching and following the Nuremburg Laws in 1935, Jews were no longer counted as German citizens. The public now knew how Nazis dealt with problems. Overall, the Nazis created a large air travel of fear througho ut Germany this helped them to stay in power as Germans stuck to the rules through fear of punishment and also fear of the general public spying on them.However, there were other reasons for the control of Germans, one of which was the establishment of a Dictatorship. From the very beginning of the regime the Nazis consolidated their power. Less than a month after Hitlers grant the Reichstag fire took place. On the 27th February 1933, the Reichstag head quarters were burnt down. A Dutch communist called Marinus Van Der Lubbe was given the blame. Hitler exploited this event, claiming it was a communist crew against the republic and it was the start of the communist revolution.After this the Decree for the Protection of the People and the State was passed. President Hindenburg believed Hitlers claims of the communist revolution beginning and signed the decree. There were cardinal main terms, the first was to arrest the enemies of the state, the second was to suspend the rights of free speech and assembly, the third was censorship and the final term was the right of the Chancellors to take over the powers of the state in emergencies. The March election of 1933 was neither fair nor free and was also illegal by the standards of parliamentary democracy.The Nazis gained 43. 9% and won 233 seats, this was mainly because the SPD and KPD were banned from participating. Also in March of 1933 the Enabling Act was passed. This gave Hitler the right to act without reference to the Reichstag. Hitler proposed he should be allowed to govern alone for 4 years. This was the first step to Hitler graceful a dictator. In July 1933, Hitler passed a law creating a one party state with the Nazis as the only party in the Reichstag. Ernst Rohm, the leader of the SA was seen as a large threat to Hitler as he had plans to unite the SA and the German army.However, Hitler wanted to keep the army loyal to him and was fearful that Rohm would overthrow him if his plan went ahead. Thus he decided to purge the SA this was called the Night of the Long Knives. The SS shot approximately 400 people, yet only admitted to 77. One of those murdered was Ernst Rohm. This further consolidated Hitlers power and kept the army on his side. In August 1934, President Hindenburg died. Hitler declined the image of President, claiming it would al bureaus be associated with the Great War hero Hindenburg.Hitler decided to be known as Fuhrer. By doing this, Hitler avoided limitations on his power by a constitution. Thus, almost two years after being appointed chancellor, Hitler was now Fuhrer of a one-party state, with around unlimited political power. This consolidation of power contributed largely to the Nazis staying in power as Hitler was now seen a strong leader, this gained a lot of support. After comme il faut Fuhrer, Hitler took control of all state and national institutions. This process was known as the Gleichschaltung (Co-ordination).In May 1933, trade unions were banned and replaced by the Nazi Labour Front. In addition, they banned strikes and if anybody opposed they would be dealt with. The Nazis purged the Civil Service and the Police of any opposition everyone was replaced with loyal Nazis. Furthermore, The German courts were now under political control and had no independence. The Education and Youth organisations provided by the Nazis were regarded as critical. The Hitler youth was created as Hitler wanted the children to continue his supposed 1000 year Reich.All anti-Nazis were fired and all rest teachers had to join the Nazi teachers league. Finally, the Catholic Church signed a concordat with the Nazis in June 1933. They agreed that the church would recognise the Nazi regime and the Nazis would not meddle with the churches beliefs and teachings. Overall, the process of Gleichschaltung further consolidated Hitlers power over Germany because he now controlled all of the organisations and institutions. This contributed towards the Nazis stayin g in power and shows that fear was not the only reason.The Nazis regime existed and was maintained not solely through dictatorship and terror. Many of the Nazis policies were popular throughout Germany and the regime had a large amount of genuine support from many German people. . WRITE SOMETHING HERE Hitler faced no real opposition, this was due to many different reasons. Organised opposition to the Nazis became almost impossible after the one-party state was created. Many Germans were happy to accept Hitlers rule and so there did not oppose as they provided a strong government.Nazi propaganda was extremely effective, the Nazis created the cult of Hitler, this emphasise the superiority of the Germans over other races. Finally, the protestant and catholic churches did not oppose the Nazis mainly because the Nazis had crushed the communists and they did not want to suffer the same fate. Almost all opposition had been demolished this helped the Nazis stay in power as it prevented any one from opposing and gave them no rivalry. There is no denying that fear played a central role in Hitlers maintain of power.The consolidation of power and the nazification process created a state which eliminated all possible opposition. The period of 1933-1939 was seen as a success for most Germans Hitler was seen as responsible for restoring Germanys pride and had dealt with problems holding Germany down. By 1939, Hitlers popularity had increased and most Germans eagerly accepted Hitler, this was mainly due to fear but also due to the way Hitler had restored Germany and brought back respect.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Maya Angelou Essay

In researching poet, Maya Angelou, I was able to explore her personal life, as well as her writing styles and techniques. While she is an extraordinary individual, she portrays a concentrated independent woman capable of holding her own. A great experience in learning about Angelou, the project itself I found to be kind of droll. Having to find criticism about one of the worlds greatest poets, was extremely effortful. The assignment was also time consuming, and I found myself often wondering why everything compulsory doubles. While the development gathered for this project focused on Maya Angelou was engaging, the task in analyzing the poet rather than the poetry, was prolonged and monotonous.Maya Angelou is one of the universes most arguable poet. Her fascinating life experiences and thoughts translate beautifully onto paper, and her literary elegance captivates many. In the assignment given, it was asked that two pieces of literary criticism were found. When researching such a profound writer, it was insufferable to find complete critical analyses of Angelous work. The only thing that was found were rotten comments on a forum, or a general summary of a poems meaning.Undertaking this assignment was very tedious, for even after finding some sort of analysis, it was asked that one write their own poems. This was very difficult for it was difficult to decipher what was really being asked. The expectations were not clear in the way where one should have been writing like their chosen poet, or to write as themselves. Either way, the poems produced in my own assignment, were just thoughts on paper. While Angelou has no set schemes in her work, the self-fabricated poems made, were also set up the same.While it is believed the more than that is researched, the more that is known, how this was conveyed in this project was not straightforward. Everything that was assigned, needed to have two or more examples. Whether one chose to look up two biographies and two literary analyses, or two literary analyses and original poems, the duplication in finding two examples was unnecessary. The message could have been depicted through one example each. Finding the information grew to be mundane, and how all of the details found would be gathered into one essay was perplexing. While I believe finding two biographies would be spanking if one were to be writing a biography on the poet, Its almost pointless when you must narrow down the information into a paragraph. equivalent for the literary analysis. The original poems written almost had nothing to do with the project, which didnt make much sense.Learning about Maya Angelou was enlightening, and this project allowed me to view her work in a different light. She is able to shine a strong light on herself that sets her apart from the rest. Unfortunately, this assignment didnt allow more of an assessment on one poem, for one paragraph is not enough to correctly articulate her notions. The project could have been absolutely successful if it had not repeated so many steps in finding the same information in separate places, or writing irrelevant and original poems. In the future, an essay based wholly on one poem by an author, with only a paragraph of biographical information would benefit the student. This would allow oneself to look more into the poets techniques, schemes, and deeper meanings.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Treatment of us pows by the germans in world war II

One of the significant features of World warfare II was a great scrap of prisoners of war (prisoner of wars) to be kept both by Allies and Axis. The way those prisoners were treated differed greatly dependently on the nation of a prisoner and the country of imprisonment. This report card discusses the treatment of the American prisoners captured on the European theatre and compares it to the treatment of prisoners from another(prenominal) countries, such as Britain, Poland and Russia.In total Some 95,000 American and 135,000 British and Commonwealth servicemen were incarcerated in prisoners of war (POW) camps in Germany during World War II. The prisoners were held in some fifty German POW camps, of several types. These included the Stalag (Stammlager, permanent camps for noncommissioned officers and enlisted men), Stalag Luft (Luftwaffestammlager, permanent camps for mail force personnel), and Oflag (Offizierslager, permanent officers camps). American POWs were found in many of t he POW camps, stock-still the majority of camps contained only a few Americans. In some camps (Stalags II-B, III-B, IV-B, XVII-B, Luft I, Luft III, and Luft IV), however, the look of American POWs ran into the thousands.The basic international instrument, regulating the POWs status at the time was the 1929 the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, signed by 47 governments. Subject to this convention, no prisoner of war could be forced to disclose to his captor any information other than his identity (i.e., his name and rank, besides non his military unit, home town, or address of relatives). E genuinely prisoner of war was entitled to adequate food and medical care and had the right to give-and-take correspondence and receive parcels. He was required to observe ordinary military discipline and courtesy, but he could attempt to escape at his own risk. one time recaptured, he was not to be punished for his attempt.Officers were to receive pay either a ccording to the pay scale of their own country or to that of their captor, whichever was less they could not be required to work. Enlisted men might be required to work for pay, but the nature and location of their work were not to expose them to danger, and in no case could they be required to perform work directly related to military operations. Camps were to be open to inspection by authorized representatives of a soggy power.Germany in general followed the 1929 Geneva Convention in the treatment of American and British servicemen in POW camps, with little difference to be found in treatment with Americans and British. POWs were not to be individually confined, and the food served them should have been equal to that served to German troops. The ration was reduced by the end of the war, but this was related to the general situation with food in Germany. Much greater problem for the POWs was the warm clothing, frequently not provided by the Germans, however the prisoners could re ceive acceptable clothes from the blushing(a) Cross and from their families via the fierce Cross.The prisoners were allowed to arrange recreational activities, such as sport games by their own, also some solicitude was paid to the religious demands of catholic and protestant POWs, the largest POW camps had chapels on their territory. The prisoners, involved in work received small payment (5 to 10 marks) for their effort, though the amount of money, which a POW could possess was limited. An important right for the British and American prisoners was a right to send and receive mail, although the delivery of mail was very erratic, and a letter or a parcel required several weeks to transit.American and British prisoners worst oppositeness was usually boredom. One of the most important activities which overcame this enemy was reading. The American and British peoples, through the various agencies which undertook the task of providing POWs with books, made it possible for prisoners to obtain books which were so necessary and useful. It helped the prisoners to occupy their time and keep their mental capacity. When the American and British POWs left the prisoners of war camps, approximately 1 million books were left behind.One can notice, that the treatment of British and American POWs was tolerant enough, but for some cases of spontaneous violence, such as murder of USAF and RAF pilots by the German civilians, angry with their air raids. However, this human attitude was hardly applied to the prisoners from other countries, retained in Germany. Polish, Yugoslavian and especially Russian prisoners received the worst treatment ever imaginable.There were several reasons for it, and the most important of them was the notorious Nazi racial doctrine, which considered the Slaves to be Untermenschen or underhumans, almost equal to Jews. The Soviet Union was also not a party to 1929 Geneva Convention, and so could not count for Red Cross assistance. Finally, Stalin, being suspicious of everyone out of his control, proclaimed all the Russian POWs to be traitors and deprived them with any rights or aid.Dealing with Russian prisoners became plane more complicated as the amount of captives at the first year of war reached 5 million, creating problems even with simple accommodation. Russian soldiers, captured in the great encirclements, were often left without food for weeks, causing starvation and typhus. Some categories of prisoners, such as Jews or Communist party members were usually shot immediately. The survivors were taken to the concentration camps on the territory of the Soviet Union, Poland and Germany itself.At the later period working with Russian POWs became more organized. Germans point now was to use the mass of people in their disposal in the most rational way. Those of the prisoners, who conformed with the racial demands (mostly originating from the Baltic or western regions of Russia) could voluntary join the Wehrmacht. Other volunteer s, mostly recent captives, were used as Hiwi Hilfswillige), or helpers in the army units.The fate of the others to be kept in the concentration and death camps, such as Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Dachau. Forced labour of the Russian POWs was actively used at the German civil an military enterprises, including aircraft factories and V-2 rockets production.Another way of exploiting the Untermenschen was to use them for medical and military experiments. For example, 600 Soviet prisoners were gassed in Auschwitz on 3 September 1941 at the first experiment with ZyklonB.Based on the overstated one can make a conclusion, that treatment of the American and British POWs, captured by the Germans was surely preferable to the treatment of other POWs. General observance of international law towards allied prisoners by Germany along Red Cross activity, provided them with huge benefits in comparison with the Slavic, Jewish and other POWs.BIBLIOGRAPHYM. R. D. Fott, Prisoners of War, The Oxford Compa nion to World War II (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995)The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.2001.American Prisoners of War in Germany. nimble by Military Intelligence Service, War Department 1 Nov 1945W. Wynne Mason, Prisoners of War (Official History of refreshful Zealand in the Second World War 19391945) (Wellington, New Zealand War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1954)Antony Beevor Stalingrad (Penguin Books, New York, 1999)1 M. R. D. Fott, Prisoners of War, The Oxford Companion to World War II (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 9139152 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.2001. 3 American Prisoners of War in Germany. Prepared by Military Intelligence Service, War Department 1 Nov 19454W. Wynne Mason, Prisoners of War (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 19391945) (Wellington, New Zealand War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1954), pp. 4243 5 Antony Beevor Stalingrad (Penguin Books, New York, 1999), pp.- 15, 60, 166 6 Antony Beevor. Ibid. p.-59

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Kings philosophy Essay

The aim of this essay is to critically evaluate platos justification of pattern by philosopher kings. First the essay give try and stress how plato understood the way the state has to be governed in conjunction with philosophy. In Platos most famous work Re earthly concern he puts preceding the view that only the study of philosophy would allow man to see what was good and just. Therefore to cure the ills of society it would be incumbent to either suffer kings philosophers or make philosophers kings. I intend to show how Plato justifies this view and then attempt to slur out some possible problems with this justification . Platos starting aim was his recognition that justice was one of four cardinal virtues, along with wisdom, courage and embossment, that when working harmoniously together in a racy level of secern he felt equaled the elusive good life . Kahn and Charles (2004).Plato thought that the best way to discover what justice was, was to create a undefiled soul t his he did by first creating a suppositious perfect urban center , which would have a good soul and all four virtues. Using the speculation that the polis is the single writ large he intended to compargon his perfect city with a perfect person and subsequently evaluate justiceTar (2001) Plato s perfect city was to be a model of order, efficiency and discipline. Above all it would be governed by the harsh adherence to what White refers to as the natural division of craunch . This was to take the form of vocational and social division within the city. Everyone had one job in order to specialise and become good at it. We forbade our cobbler to try his hand at farming or weaving or building and told him to stick to his last, in order that our shoemaking should be well done. Kierkegaard, (1992). to a greater extent fundamentally however the city was to be divided into three distinct social classes, in which people would be raised from birth.These classes consisted of the producers , the guardians and the rulers. These correlated to a high degree with their microcosm in the individual soul in which they took the form of close, spirit/emotion and appetite/ longing. The producers were to be the farmers and artisans who were responsible for the supply of food, clothing and otherwise much(prenominal) essential but basic needs. They would be highly specialized and allowed money and private property as their main incentive. In the individual soul the producers equated to desire as they were not governed by true reason. In the same way that ungoverned desire e.g. I must eat this cake even though it is not mine, created conflict in an individual that mustbe controlled, the producers were susceptible to the temptation to take land with better soil or more flying field for example. Therefore a second class was necessary to protect from both internal and external threats and keep both the city and the soul in order. The perfect city maintained order by using guardia ns, the guardians were the warrior class that protected the city. These warrior char moulderistics made them a potential internal threat, so Plato decided to neutralise volatilisable factors such as greed or envy by denying the guardians access to money or private property. The guardians equate to the spirited or emotional search of the soul, which was usually tamed by reason, but might spontaneously follow desire. Nails, (2006) The third class in the perfect city is by far the most important and complex. Rulers were chosen from the guardian class on the basis of aptitude (but with some degree of assumption of hereditary traits).Plato felt that as a pre-requisite to rule they must have a thorough dread of the theory of forms including the essence of justice and the other virtues and ultimately the true essence of good by seizing which the philosopher will finally achieve a full understanding of all the rest. Vlastos,(2006) .Plato explains in his allegory of the cave, along with his theory of the line and the sun, how the philosophers who understand the theory of forms are the only ones with true objectivity and how the rest of society is merely staring at shadows mistaking them for reality and so they would believe that the shadows of the objects we mentioned were in all esteem real Therefore by the theory of forms a philosopher is able to release himself from the subjective world of the rest of humanity and enter the world of objective views. Salli (1999). The characteristic step which Plato has taken by the time of the republic is to suggest that forms which are the object of definition are entities in themselves, subsisting outside time and space, in which fact things come to share or which they imitate . The ruler class then is selected by aptitude and educated finished a rigorous process until his understanding of the theory of forms is so complete that he understands the forms of the virtues of justice and even good, this then entitles him to ru le. Plato connected the rulers with the reason aspect of soul. Just as the rulers were able to judge skilful or wrong for the city, the souls calculating pull up stakes told a person the rational side of a situation.Platoconsolidated all of this with the myth of metals taught to all, whereby the rulers had gold in their veins, the guardians silver gray and the producers iron and bronze, but they were all brothers and should all be happy in their situation. For the perfect city all three classes must work in harmony the producers making materials, the guardians protecting and ensuring stability from both above and below, and the rulers determining through their enlightened reason what was good or bad. The soul would work in a similarway. Melchert, (2002)Plato felt that he had now found justice through the purpose of the ideal city and soul. If the soul was in order then the cardinal virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice would exist in the person. The wisdom was pre sent in the rulers of the city and the calculating part of the soul. The courage was present in the guardians of the city and the spirited part of the soul. Moderation was found when all three groups of the city and soul worked together, moderation was best seen in the soul when all three parts were equal, moderation showed harmony. legal expert was created when every part was doing what it was supposed to do. With all of these different parts put together Plato created what he considered to be the ideal city and soul. Vlastos,(2006). It can be seen from his point of view, then, that philosophers must be rulers as they are the only ones with true objective understanding of justice and good as defined by Plato and are therefore the only ones competent to lead the rest of the population towards them. There are however a number of problems with Platos argument. In his ideal city where philosophers are kings, it is necessary for order and efficiency that everybody sticks just to their own job this is fine in theory but would soon lead to a lack of unity through a lack of understanding, empathy and therefore sympathy. Without these the obligation to help each other would soon be overrun by a lack of motivation. This would throw the all told system out of kilter. Plato may have argued that this may have been circumvented by education but he seems fairly a dam Anton a strict division of labour.This phenomenom would also spread to natural disaster, for example if the city was to burn down there may be scant(predicate) carpenters to rebuild it, or insufficient doctors to treat disease. Plato himself admits that oncephilosophers gain the knowledge of the good they would usually prefer to reflect on it, rather than sully themselves in actual politics. To go digest to the allegory of the cave, once they have discovered the real world, what motivation would they have to enter the dark world of the cave and participate in the pointless games? He argues that they will do it because they are just men and that their reluctance is not only a good thing but is actually necessary as it prevents dissension and strife over who shall rule. I think that in reality some would be unable to overcome their reluctance and that those who do enter face a very large chance of being corrupted by their superior knowledge.Plato makes the huge assumption that knowledge of the good is sufficient motivation to act in a just way, this, I feel , is a very dangerous assumption and the corrupting influence of power has been proved time and once more throughout history. As Karl Popper quotes I think we must face the fact that behind the sovereignty of the philosopher king stands the quest for power. Argument can also be found in the works of Aristotle that dispute Plato s claim that philosophers should be king. Aristotle felt that Plato relied far too heavily on theory and disagreed with Plato s theory of forms, instead believing that actual instances in this world (rather than other-worldly forms) were the key to universals. This heavier reliance on experience allowed a more amateur approach, rather than years of ceremonious training, to be acceptable.Another argument against Philosopher kings stems from the Christian influence. The core- tactual sensation of Christianity was that faith, rather than reason, held the key to salvation and so the good life , This created the need for a separate private and public sphere that would be unacceptable in Plato s ideal city. This would be compounded by the democratising effect of faith which all can have, rather than reason which is restricted to the few. In modern times the faith aspect of the separation of public and private spheres has significantly diminished, however it has been replaced by a fierce belief in individualism that is underwritten by a nebulas concept of equality enshrined in individual rights and constitutional checks, perhaps based ultimately on the free-for-all concept of capitalism. Na ils,(2006). In conclusion can be observed that even during platos days the philosopher king could have been difficult to achievebecause let alone any other since then given the nullifying concepts from Aristotle to Christianity to Capitalism.I tend to agree to some extent with Karl Poppers view that Plato allowed himself to be seduced by the idea (as many others have since) that he (and his theoretical like in the philosopher-kings) were the only ones that could see objectively and so should rule. It is a trap more dangerous, possibly, than any other and democracy (in the modern, rather than Greek sense), its antithesis, is a far safer if far less than perfect alternative.REFFERENCES Kahn, Charles H. (2004). The Framework. Plato and the socratic dialogue The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form. Cambridge University abbreviate Kierkegaard, Sren (1992). Plato. The Concept of Irony. Princeton University crusade Nails, Debra (2006). The Life of Plato of Athens. A Companion to Plato edited by Hugh H. Benson. Blackwell Publishing Tarn, Leonardo (2001). Collected Papers 1962-1999. Brill Academic Publishers Kraut, Richard (Ed.) (1993). The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge University Press Melchert, Norman (2002). The Great Conversation A Historical Introduction to Philosophy. McGraw Hill. Salli John (1999). Chorology On Beginning in Platos Timaeus. Indiana University Press Vlastos, Gregory(2006). Platos macrocosm with a new Introducution by Luc Brisson, Parmenides Publishing

Monday, May 20, 2019

Humans are… what, in Dick’s narrative?

Phillip K. Dicks sci-fi classic delves into a futuristic world where orb has been ravaged by radiation from the fallout of the so-called World War Terminus. He explores the theory of adult maleitys struggle for survival in this diminished environment and incorporates their interaction with the bio-synthetic andriods which serve as mere homosexual slaves in the off-world colonies. This essay will attempt to explore how this author has raised questions into what it exactly is to be human and how the humanity portrayed in this overbold give the sack be seen as un-human when comp argond to their android and sub-human counterparts.The setting and scene of this novel is of a dystopian world, where many of the human inhabitants go to live in Off-World colonies such as innovative New York, and avoid the radiation cloud that has infested Earth. The existence of outlawed androids who seek refuge on Earth, be indistinguishable from worldly concern and can un slight be identified as an android by consumeup certain tests such as the Voight Kampff empathy test or a bone marrow examination. This gives the feeling that humankind cannot tell who their enemies are when their enemies are among them, a notion that follows the paranoia of the cold war period that xisted at the term Dick wrote this novel.The radioactive fallout has ca utilise not wholly the people to emigrate out of Earth, further beget made the ingredients of some public to deteriorate. When this decay has passes a certain level, it is detected by a obligatory testing from the state and people who do not manage to pass this test is deemed as specials. They are looked down upon as sub-humans and are restricted from emigrating out of Earth in revere of poisoning the gene pool of the raw(a) colonies. Thus, there are three distinct groups in Dicks society, being that of humans, specials and androids.The specials and the androids are seen as inferior to the humans collectible to their lack of hu manness. The specials, who were once humans, pass water essentially lost their rights to do human things such as emigrating, voting and even starting up a family of their own, all due to the incident that their genes have been tampered by radiation. Similarly, the androids who are physically identical to humans and simulate the way humans act to a point where it is indistinguishable, are still considered non-humans due to the fact that they were created by humans except for the purposes of sla actually.The protagonist Deckard, journeys through the struggle to survive and quite fittingly represents the overall human struggle to pass solace in an unforgiving world of kipple. Equipped with his lead codpiece, which protects him from his genes to deteriorating, Deckard is employed to retire androids, which have lawlessly escaped to Earth. By undertaking this mission, he is essentially doing a very human job although it does study the slaughter of sometimes-innocent androids that pos e no threat in any way.The threat whitethorn be of humanitys fear of androids overcoming their built-in age limit of 4 ears and become a super-race to rival humankind. Since the androids have no empathy and do not hesitate to shoot humans, the humans hunt down the androids that have escaped to Earth and stamp out them before they themselves get killed. Thus, it can be seen that to preserve humane values like empathy, the humans have to resort to murder without remorse like the androids in order to avoid being killed by them. ab initio it is clear that in the midst of the two main characters of the novel, Deckard and Isidore, which one of the two is considered much human. There is no discredit that Deckard is more human than Isidore ccording to the distinctions that are placed within the society.Deckard is the human, who has the ability to emigrate and to reproduce, works for the police section and although owns a fake sentient being, states care of this fake animal nonethe less in order to evoke empathy towards constitution. Isidore on the other hand does not have the rights that Deckard and other humans have, does not have an animal of his own whether real or fake and lives in an isolated building surrounded by kipple. To make matters worse, Isidore is not only a special but has to a fault been branded a chickenhead.This may require that, although Isidore seems culturally enriched and sophisticated due to his vocabulary and his ideologies towards himself, humans and Mercer, he lacks common intellect as unadorned when he mistakes a real cat for an android during his work as a delivery man. However, throughout the course of the novel there is a gradual role reversal amongst the two individuals. It can thus be seen as a whole, that the portrayal of humans, specials and androids do not fit in with their master key levels of humanity. The humans are shown as lacking the human values through the acts of Deckard.The specials, originally humans but gen etically decayed and considered sub-human, still show their possession of humanity through Isidore, and sometimes convey more humanness than the humans themselves. Lastly, the androids that are non- humans that have been built by humans still parade some of the characteristics that define humanity although also displaying a lack of these same characteristics at other times. The distinctions between the three categories seems to blur due to the changing perceptions of the specials and the androids, throughout the novel.One of the most important elements of humanity which is conveyed in Dicks novel is empathy. The Voight-Kampff test, which is employed by Deckard to distinguish from humans and androids, is in fact an empathy test and the importance of empathy as a human characteristic is further emphasised by the use of empathy fusion calamityes reoccurring throughout the novel. This empathy quoin allows fusion between the artificial God in Wilbur Mercer and functions as a combinati on of recreation and religion, used to prove to the users themselves that they are able to empathize with another soul. This trait is omething that androids are unable to simulate as seen in Roy Battys failed attempts of fusion.It is rather ironic that humans rely on machines to become one with their human self, at the same time detesting androids from existing among them. As the novel develops, Deckard is shown drifting apart from his wife Iran, the only mortal to whom he seems to have any real relationship with. This is significant since Deckard is portrayed as the ultimate loner, an learn similar to that of detective Phillip Marlowe in his noir genres. When he is speaking with his neighbour, his attitude is a mixture of a impulse o get rid of him and a desire to show off. On the whole, Deckard seems somewhat lacking when it comes to emotions. At times he seems to have no emotions at all while other times he seems uncertain to know what to feel. Isidore, on the other hand, sho ws a longing to interact with others and rid of his empty bleakness that has plagued him ever since he was deemed as a special.When he realises that he has finally received some refreshing neighbours, he immediately takes a cube of margarine, the most suitable thing he could think of, as a welcoming gift to his fellow tenants. Although the reluctant android Pris hinks little of this chickenhead, Isidore tries his best to help her and her friends as best as he can, letting Pris to move in with him so he can take care of her. Throughout this whole experience, Isidore empathises with the loneliness that he feels that his untested friend must be woeful from, just like he himself does. He does his best to get Pris and her android friends as comfortable as possible, unlike Deckard who has little to no feelings for anyone besides himself. It can obviously be seen, the role reversal between Deckard the human and Isidore the special is taking place.Isidore is, in fact, the person in the novel who displays the largest portion of the characteristics that are considered human. He immediately reacts as if it is his responsibility to be a helpful and comforting host to his new neighbours and he empathizes with the androids when told that they are being pursued by a bounty hunter. Initially, Isidore believes that these androids are regular humans beings and that the bounty hunter is some cruel monster machine, but when he later realises that his new friends are the androids themselves, his feelings of friendship and empathy towards them does not hange, even with this knowledge. That is friends are androids does not alter his perception, and has no relevance to his attitude towards them only their relationship with him is all that matters to him.This may be due to the fact that since he has being isolated for such a long time, he does not care whether his friends are fake, or maybe it is because he is a chickenhead and is too nieve to see that his friends are actually out laws and pose a potential threat towards the society. However, the fact that he does not consider someone to be worth less or to be less human just because they happen to belong to a articular race shows that he has a literal feeling of understanding of others when being discriminated against. The only time he does not seem to empathize with his new android neighbours is when Pris pulls off the legs of a real spider they have found. It can be seen that not only does she show her lack of empathy and inhumanity whilst performing this act, she also seems to enjoy seeing Isidores anguish.Thus Isidore shows that he has unshakable empathy for whomever or whatever gets hurt, be it man or spider. From the actions of Deckard, whether it be that he does not use his empathy box as often as he should, is growing frustration and unemotional relationship with his wife or his act of sleeping with the android Rachel while contemplating to kill her shows his total lack of humanness for a person who is supposed to epitomise humanity in this novel. When compared to the actions of Isidore and his regular sessions with his empathy box and genuine concern and empathy towards his android neighbours when sense of hearing that they are being hunted by a bounty hunter, he seems much more in touch with human qualities even when being classified as a special and a chickenhead.When Deckard is compared also with some of the raits that the androids show, it may be said that androids value and undertake human characteristics more than humans themselves. Roy Batty, the leader of the escaped Nexus-6 androids, has tried to achieve fusion twain for himself and others so he can gain the sense of belonging and assimilating into this society. Luba Luft has an unbelievably talented singing voice and appreciates such cultural things as the opera house and the arts, while being intrigued by the realist paintings in the theatre as she can see that it mirrors the sufferings of her own life. raze De ckard himself realises that this android does not deserve o die as she is a wonderful performer and is doing estimable rather than harm towards the society.The Rand Corporations daughter Rachel is supposed to be incapable of emotions but claims to love Deckard and is prepared to do Deckards dirty work in order for him to love her back. There does exist a contrasting factor, since she offers to kill one of her fellow Nexus-6 so it reverses the original perception that she is totally innocent of being inhumane. It is also seen that she may have merely seduced Deckard for her own ends, as instructed by her creator, Rand. Nonetheless, when compared toDeckard, who is considered human by society but is very cold and unfeeling with people such as Isidore and Rachel, who are considered sub-human and non-human respectively but display much more emotion, the roles of each class and the way they ought to act seems contradictory. On the whole, Do Androids Dream Of Electric Sheep conveys a sens e that the characteristics that define a human being can be present in both androids and supposedly, deteriorated humans. In the same way, humans that are considered real humans by society may be lacking these characteristics. Thus the boundary between human and non-human seems to be very vague.